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Amazigh Language and Culture (Berbers and Moors)
The Amazigh are the indigenous people of North Africa, who have long been known by the exonyms Moor and Berber and have a number of distinct languages. They have historically been divided between those who remained in the mountains and opposed the various civilizations of North Africa (the Carthaginians, Romans, Arabs, etc.) and those who integrated into those societies, who became part and parcel of the Arab Islamic Empires in North Africa and Spain.
437 Questions
How did moors in Spain influence European culture?
The Moors effected the worldview of Spanish by, influenced Spanish learning, architecture and the design. The Muslim had developed magnificent architecture styles and exquisite mosaic titles and carpets. The moors had conquered regions of the Iberia peninsula, they also imported their Islamic culture.
What was the name of the centuries-long effort by Christians to drive Muslims out of Spain?
The Reconquista. Jews and Muslims alike were driven out of Spain. The Reconquista ended in 1492 when Moorish Granada surrendered. The Muslims were allowed to remain in Spain. The Jews and the Muslims were expelled later.
What was the effect of the Moors consolidating their control over Spain?
When moors c the control over spain lots of stuff happened lots of good stuff lots
Where the Moors that ruled Spain African?
Firstly the wording of the question is inaccurate. The rulers of Spain were "Arabs" of the Arabian peninsula (from the Umayya clan in Mecca who then moved to Syria to establich the Ummatad dynasty).
The population which the Arabs ruled "consisted" of berbers (which you call Moorish) who are Atlanto-Mediterranean. They are a mix of European Iberians and East African Capsian people.
The term Moor has had several meanings over time so one has to be careful with terminology. The Moors were from a culture based in North West Africa and included people from Morocco and Algeria. The Moors in Spain had moderately dark skin complexion. (The word "Moor" or "Moorish" in England and Ireland generally meant a Negro rather than a person of the Moorish culture.)
What year did the moors invade Spain?
The Moors invaded Spain in the year 711. They officially left in 1492 as per a treaty signed with Ferdinand and Isabella. (This freed up money that had been supporting the military to be used for exploration. That's why Columbus was able to sail in 1492.)
MOORS
The proper term for the "Moors" is "AMAZIGH", as they are known in their language, or "Berbers" as both Westerners and Arabs have identified them. Amazigh are the indigenous people of the Maghreb or northwest Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.) Amazigh come in nearly every color, from pale white skin to dark black skin. They had recently converted to Islam when Arab Islamic Armies had barrelled their way across North Africa.
OTHER MUSLIM GROUPS IN SPAIN
However, in addition to the Amazigh, there were numerous significant minorities of Muslims who lived in Spain. The largest minority were ARABS or Muslims coming from Middle East. They were a mix of people from Arabia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. Arabs were actually the rulers of all of Islamic Spain from 711-1038 C.E., after which the Amazigh became much more powerful and prominent, especially with the Almoravid and Almohad Caliphates. However, the last Islamic nation in Spain was the Arab Nasrid Emirate of Granada, which existed alone from 1252-1492.
Another major group were the MULADIS who were indigenous Iberians/Spaniards who converted to Islam. Muladis very rarely wielded political power and were often taxed as Non-Muslims, but there were occasions when they were able to gain power in the Taifa Kingdoms, which were Islamic city-states in southern Spain which developed after the fall of Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, but before the Almoravid invasion and again after the Almohads were excised from Spain, but before the Christian North conquered all of them save the Emirate of Granada.
The last major group of Muslims in Spain were the former Slavic Slaves called SAQALIBA. The Muslims had a massive slave trade throughout the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe (as well as with Sub-Saharan Africa). One of the largest places of origin for Islamic Slaves was southeastern and eastern Europe, where numerous Slavic peoples were sold into slavery. Many of these Slavs became slaves in Islamic Spain. However, some were able to earn their freedom, usually by a combination of luck, physical ability to overpower their master, and conversion to Islam. These now-freed Slavs who had been born in Spain and were now Muslims were called Saqaliba. Saqaliba very rarely wielded political power, but there were occasions when they were able to gain power in the Taifa Kingdoms (like the Muladis). The Saqaliba famously ruled the Taifa of Denia, which controlled parts of the Balaeric Islands and Valencia.
What did Moors bring to Spain?
MOORS
The proper term for the "Moors" is "AMAZIGH", as they are known in their language, or "Berbers" as both Westerners and Arabs have identified them. Amazigh are the indigenous people of the Maghreb or northwest Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.) Amazigh come in nearly every color, from pale white skin to dark black skin. They had recently converted to Islam when Arab Islamic Armies had barrelled their way across North Africa.
OTHER MUSLIM GROUPS IN SPAIN
However, in addition to the Amazigh, there were numerous significant minorities of Muslims who lived in Spain. The largest minority were ARABS or Muslims coming from Middle East. They were a mix of people from Arabia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. Arabs were actually the rulers of all of Islamic Spain from 711-1038 C.E., after which the Amazigh became much more powerful and prominent, especially with the Almoravid and Almohad Caliphates. However, the last Islamic nation in Spain was the Arab Nasrid Emirate of Granada, which existed alone from 1252-1492.
Another major group were the MULADIS who were indigenous Iberians/Spaniards who converted to Islam. Muladis very rarely wielded political power and were often taxed as Non-Muslims, but there were occasions when they were able to gain power in the Taifa Kingdoms, which were Islamic city-states in southern Spain which developed after the fall of Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, but before the Almoravid invasion and again after the Almohads were excised from Spain, but before the Christian North conquered all of them save the Emirate of Granada.
The last major group of Muslims in Spain were the former Slavic Slaves called SAQALIBA. The Muslims had a massive slave trade throughout the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe (as well as with Sub-Saharan Africa). One of the largest places of origin for Islamic Slaves was southeastern and eastern Europe, where numerous Slavic peoples were sold into slavery. Many of these Slavs became slaves in Islamic Spain. However, some were able to earn their freedom, usually by a combination of luck, physical ability to overpower their master, and conversion to Islam. These now-freed Slavs who had been born in Spain and were now Muslims were called Saqaliba. Saqaliba very rarely wielded political power, but there were occasions when they were able to gain power in the Taifa Kingdoms (like the Muladis). The Saqaliba famously ruled the Taifa of Denia, which controlled parts of the Balaeric Islands and Valencia.
When were the Moors defeated in Spain?
They began to be defeated shortly after they invaded in 711. The final defeat was 700+ years later in 1492. It took the Christians that long to drive them out.
At no time did the Moors control all of the Iberian Peninsula on which modern Spain is located. The Moors invaded the peninsula in 710 AD and the last Moorish stronghold surrendered in 1492 AD, so there were Moors in power in some part of the peninsula for 782 years. They never controlled Spain, as such, because it didn't come into being until 23 years after the Moors were physically evicted from the peninsula.
Spain did not exist as a single country until 1516 when the major kingdoms of Castile, Leon, Aragon and Navarre were united under one monarch. Carlos I became the ruler of all of them. He was, at the same time, Carlos (Charles) V, Holy Roman Emperor.
Yes, in Shakespearean times, 'Moor" referred to any non-white Muslim of any origin.
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Moors are nomadic people of the northern shores of Africa, originally the inhabitants of Mauretania. They were chiefly of Berber and Arab descent. Most of them are Muslims.
The Babylonian captivity was the Spanish name for the period when Moors occupied Spain?
It was not. The "Babylonian Captivity" refers to the conquest of Israel , and the removal of the Israelites to captivity in Babylon, where they were held until permitted to return to Israel roughly 70 years later.
Who waged war on the moors in Spain in the 1400'?
Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon through the Reconquista.
What did the Moors not bring to Spain?
There is an incredible list of things that the Amazigh (improperly called Moors) did not bring to Spain. Such things include: Elephants, cell phones, batteries, large ships, tissues, bubble-gum, blow-driers, air-conditioning, pasta, rubber, tobacco, ice-cream, teak, cars, rocketships, iPods, Christianity, okapi, etc.
Is the word Moor derived from Morocco?
No. Moor comes from Mauri, referring to a person from Mauritania, which was the Roman province that included what is now parts of Morocco and Algeria. The name Morocco comes the name of the city Marrakesh, the Almoravid Imperial Capital, which in Latin was Morroch.
Who are the decendants of Arabs and berbers in morocco who conquered much of Spain?
They are called the Moors and many moved back to Northern Africa after the Reconquista, but some remained in Spain.
When did the Moors start raiding Spain in medieval Times?
The Moorish conquest of Spain began in 710.
Moorland or moor is a type of habitat, in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome, found in upland areas, characterised by low-growing vegetation on acidic soils and heavy fog. Moorland nowadays generally means uncultivated hillland (such as Dartmoor in South West England), but the Old English mōr also refers to low-lying wetlands (such as Sedgemoor, also SW England). It is closely related to heath although experts disagree on precisely what distinguishes the types of vegetation. Generally, moor refers to highland, high rainfall zones, whereas heath refers to lowland zones which are more likely to be the result of human activity.
Moorland habitats are most extensive in the neotropics and tropical Africa but also occur in northern and western Europe,Northern Australia, North America, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Most of the world's moorlands are very diverseecosystems. In the extensive moorlands of the tropics biodiversity can be extremely high. Moorland also bears a relationship totundra(where the subsoil is permafrost or permanently frozen soil), appearing as the tundra retreats and inhabiting the area between the permafrost and the natural tree zone. The boundary between tundra and moorland constantly shifts with climate change.
Heather moorlandHeather moorland on the North York Moors mainly consisting ofCalluna vulgaris
Along with heathland, moorland is the most extensive natural vegetation of the British Isles. The eastern British moorlands are similar to heaths but are differentiated by having a covering of peat. On western moors the peat layer may be several metres thick. Scottish 'muirs' are generally heather moors, but will also have extensive covering of grass, cotton-grass, mosses,brackenand under-shrubs such as crowberry; with the wetter moorland having sphagnum moss merging into bog-land.[1]
There is uncertainty about how many moors were created by human activity. Rackham writes that pollen analysis shows that some moorland, such as in the islands and extreme north of Scotland, are clearly natural, never having had trees;[2]whereas much of the Pennine moorland area was forested in Mesolithic times.[3]How much the destruction of this forest was caused by climatic changes and how much by human activity is uncertain.[1]
The ecology of moorland
A variety of distinct habitat types are found in different world regions of moorland. The wildlife and vegetation forms often lead to high endemism because of the severe soil and microclimate characteristics. For example, in England's Exmoor is found the rare horse breed the Exmoor Pony, which has adapted to the harsh, arid conditions of that environment.
In Europe, the associated fauna consists of bird species such as Red Grouse, Hen Harrier, Merlin, Golden Plover, Curlew, Sky Lark, Meadow Pipit, Whinchat, Ring Ouzel, and Twite. Other species dominate in moorlands elsewhere. Reptiles are few due to the cooler conditions. In Europe, only the Common Viper is frequent, though in other regions moorlands are commonly home to dozens of reptile species. Amphibians such as frogs are well-represented in moorlands. When moorland isovergrazed, woody vegetation is often lost, being replaced by coarse, unpalatable grasses and bracken, with a greatly reduced fauna.
Moorland of Kilimanjaro
Some hill sheep breeds, such as Scottish Blackface, thrive on the austere conditions of heather moors.[4]
[edit]ConservationBurning of moorland has been practiced for a number of reasons, for example when grazing is insufficient to control growth. This is recorded in Britain in the fourteenth century.[5]Uncontrolled burning frequently caused (and causes) problems, and was forbidden by statute in 1607. With the rise of sheep and grouse management in the nineteenth century it again became common practice. Heather is burnt at about 10 or 12 years old when it will regenerate easily. Left longer, the woodier stems will burn more aggressively and will hinder regrowth. Burning of moorland vegetation needs to be very carefully controlled as the peat itself can catch fire, and this can be difficult if not impossible to extinguish. In addition, uncontrolled burning of heather can promote alternative bracken and rough grass growth which ultimately produces poorer grazing.[6]As a result burning is now considered, at best, a controversial practice; Rackham calls it 'second-best land management'.[1]
Mechanical cutting of the heather has been used in Europe, but it is important for the material to be removed to avoid smothering regrowth. If heather and other vegetation is left for too long, a large volume of dry and combustible material builds up. This may result in a wildfire burning out a large area, although it has been found that heather seeds germinate better if subject to the brief heat of controlled burning. Generally, moorland wildlife has evolved to cope with even major fires and are easily able to recover if such intense burnings are not too frequent.
Moorland in literatureDartmoor in winter covered in snow. Several tors top the sparsely vegetated hills
The development of a sensitivity to nature and one's physical surroundings grew with the rise of interest in landscape painting, and particularly the works of artists that favoured wide and deep prospects, and rugged scenery.[7]To the English Romantic imagination moorlands fitted this image perfectly, enhancing the emotional impact of the story by placing it within a heightened and evocative landscape. Moorland forms the setting of various works of late Romantic English literature, ranging from the Yorkshire moorland in Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights and The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett to Dartmoor inArthur Conan Doyle's Holmesian mystery The Hound of the Baskervilles. Enid Blyton's Famous Five series featured the young protagonists adventuring across various moorlands where they confronted criminals or other individuals of interest. Such a setting enhanced the plot as the drama unfolded away from the functioning world where the children could solve their own problems and face greater danger. Moorland in the Forest of Bowland in Lancashire is the setting for Walter Bennett's classic novel 'The Pendle Witches', the true story of some of England's most infamous witch trials.
Notable moorlands
Notable areas of upland moorland in Britain include the Dark Peak, the Forest of Bowland, the Lake District, the Pennines, Mid Wales, the Southern Uplands of Scotland, the Scottish Highlands, and a few very small pockets in western Herefordshire.
Oswaldtwistle Moor, part of theWest Pennine Moors, inLancashire, UK
- Bleaklow, Dark Peak, UK
- Bodmin Moor, Cornwall, UK
- Curry and Hay Moors, Somerset, UK
- Dartmoor, and Dartmoor wildlife, Devon, UK
- Emley Moor, West Yorkshire, UK
- Exmoor, West Somerset & North Devon UK
- Forest of Bowland Lancashire, UK
- Ilkley Moor, West Yorkshire, UK
- Marston Moor and North York Moors, North Yorkshire, UK
- Migneint, Gwynedd and Conwy, UK
- Rannoch Moor, Highland, Scotland, UK
- Rombalds Moor, West Yorkshire, UK
- Saddleworth Moor, Lancashire, UK
- Shropshire Hills, small pockets of moorland such as the Long Mynd, UK
- Somerset Levels and Moors, central Somerset, UK
- Staffordshire Moorlands, South West Peak District, UK
- West Pennine Moors, including Oswaldtwistle Moor, Haslingden Moor, Rivington Moor and Darwen Moor in Lancashire, UK
- Ythan Estuary complex, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, largest coastal moorland in the United Kingdom, known for high biodiversity.
There are numerous moorlands outside the UK; some other notable examples are:
- Tanner Moor, Austria
- Großes Torfmoor, Germany
- Sumapaz Paramo, Colombia (The world's largest moorland)
A purple moor is a type of moorland where the dominant vegetation and/or blooming heather give the landscape a purple hue. This type of moor is often associated with certain regions like Scotland and is known for its unique beauty.
Why did spain enjoy a golden age under the moors?
Spain enjoyed a Golden Age under the Moors because the Moors brought advanced education, architecture, technology, and healthcare to Spain.
