Australian Colonial Settlement

Lachlan Macquarie was born on 31 January 1762 and died in 1824.

In a box

The ships which housed convicts in England during the 1700s were called hulks.

The earliest convicts lived in tents and rough huts built from local timber, and later, stone buildings were constructed. Many convicts were sent to work for farmers and free settlers, and these people would provide their accommodation.

From the 1820s, women convicts were housed at the Female Factory in Parramatta. This was a high, draughty, two-storey brick building.

Governor Arthur Phillip returned to England with Bennelong in 1792.

dugout,cave,wigwam

Elizabeth Macarthur was instrumental in helping her husband, John Macarthur, develop colonial Australia's sheep industry. Elizabeth helped ensure that their fledgling wool business thrived, particularly when John was not at home for long periods of time. She played a vital role in growing and breeding the sheep, organising the shearing, and sorting, cleaning and baling wool.

tailors shoemakers engineers printers sweepers

A penal settlement is a colony established by convicts or prisoners - people who have been convicted of a crime.

Brisbane gained its name from the Brisbane River, on which the Moreton Bay colony was founded in the early 1820s.

The colony of the Moreton Bay District was founded in 1824 when explorer John Oxley arrived at Redcliffe with a crew and 29 convicts. The settlement was established at Humpybong, but abandoned less than a year later when the main settlement was moved 30km away, to the Brisbane River. Another convict settlement was established under the command of Captain Patrick Logan.

On 10 September 1825, the settlement was given the name of Brisbane, but it was still part of the New South Wales territory. The area was opened up for free settlement in 1838, and in 1839, there were calls to cease transportation to Moreton Bay. On 4 May 1842, Moreton Bay was declared a free settlement.

When panning for gold, the miner scoops up gravel and sediment from the bottom of a stream or other likely spot. Swirling the water around in the pans moves the gravel out of the way and traps the gold, which is heavier than most rocks, against the ridges built into the bottom of the gold pan.

Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow happened on 1919-06-21.

When the British Government instructed Lieutenant-Governor David Collins to establish a settlement on the southern coast in 1803, the settlement was not a success for a variety of reasons. Hearing of better land and timber in Van Diemen's Land, Collins moved most of the settlement across Bass Strait, and established Hobart. The city began as a penal colony at Risdon Cove on the Derwent River late 1803 to offset British concerns over the presence of French explorers. The settlement became "official" on 16 February 1804. Collins originally named the settlement 'Sullivan Cove' after John Sullivan, Under-Secretary of the Colonial Office. The name Hobart Town was adopted by the settlement in June 1804, after Lord Hobart the Colonial Secretary. The colony of Van Diemen's Land was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales, with its own judicial establishment and Legislative Council, in December 1825.

Hobart began as a penal colony at Risdon Cove on the Derwent River in 1803 in a bid to discourage the presence of French explorers and those who sought to colonise the island. A year later (1804) it was moved to its current location at Sullivan's Cove.

· Because of some of his policies such as the way he treated convicts, Macquarie made many enemies, some who had influence in England such as Thomas Bigge who sent reports to London.

· There were some people in the colony called "exclusives" that were against Macquarie.

· This criticism led him to resign as governor

No, but the first priest to come to Australia was in 1820 and he was fr John Therry.

Botany Bay was home to the local indigenous people, but Botany Bay is not actually where the First Fleet stayed. the Fleet moved north to Port Jackson, home of the Gadigal (sometimes called Cadigal) tribe; the British used the term Eora to refer to the people in this area; Eora describes a language group. Other Aboriginal clans included the Gadigal, Wangal, Wallumedegal, Boromedegal, Gamaragal, Borogegal, Birrabirragal and Gayamaygal. Common languages were Darug, Dharawal and Guringai. It is believed that following European arrival the Cadigals died out within a couple of years following British occupation owing to disease, environmental damage and other factors.

Of illness in his London lodgings in 1824, after he completed his governorsgip of New South Wakes three years earkier.

The original colony was a military colony with convict labour, established as one of a chain of stations from Sierra Leone to the east to protect the trade of the East India Company. After it was established, settlers began to arrive in increasing numbers and, after a shaky agricultural beginning, a thriving wool industry was established. It also supported the southern whaling industry.

Captain Arthur Phillip was appointed Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales in 1786. The First Fleet of convicts left Portsmouth, England, on 13 May 1787, and arrived in Port Jackson (where Sydney was founded), arriving on 26 January 1788.

Governor Phillip had originally suggested that convicts with experience in farming, building and crafts be included in the First Fleet, but his proposal was ignored. He faced many obstacles in his attempts to establish the new colony. British farming methods, seeds and implements were unsuitable for use in the different climate and soil, and the colony faced near-starvation in its first two years. The colony finally succeeded in developing a solid foundation, agriculturally and economically, thanks to the perseverance of Captain Arthur Phillip.

There were a number of Governors after Phillip, but one who significantly influenced the future of Sydney was Governor Lachlan Macquarie. Macquarie upheld high standards for the development of New South Wales from penal colony to free settlement. He introduced the first building code into the colony, requiring all buildings to be constructed of timber or brick, covered with a shingle roof, and to include a chimney. As Governor, Macquarie also ordered the construction of roads, bridges, wharves, churches and public buildings.

Macquarie was also a great sponsor of exploration. In 1813 he sent Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson across the Blue Mountains, where they found the grazing plains of the interior.

Australia used to have Pounds, Shillings and Pence, just like Great Britain. One Pound contained 20 Shillings, each Shilling contained 12 Pence.

Around Sydney Harbour.

Yes. The Hunter River settlement was founded on the discovery of coal. As such, there was a rich market for its natural resources from the very beginning. Timber also came to be seen as a much-sought-after resource. Convicts provided cheap labour to mine the coal and cut the timber. Costs were kept to a minimum, and the wealth of resources attracted free settlers from the Port Jackson area.

Convicts were sent to Australia by ship for several reasons: * English prisons were overcrowded - the Industrial Revolution had caused great loss of employment, and many family members resorted to petty crimes just to survive. The government was determined to make examples of these people, so they could easily be sentenced to prison for stealing a pie, or a loaf of bread. * After the American War of Independence, England could no longer send their convicts to North America * James Cook and Sir Joseph Banks had recommended the eastern coast of Australia as suitable for colonisation. * A settlement in "New South Wales" would inhibit the French from gaining a foothold in the South Pacific. It was a defensive measure. * Ships were the only form of transportation for overseas journeys.

There was no specific battle between the people of the First Fleet and the Aborigines. Once the First Fleet landed, the indigenous people faced an unwinnable war which ultimately led to the loss of their land, their culture and their way of life at the hands of the Europeans.

They each had a Constitution, a Legislative Assembly elected by adult male citizens, and a Legislative Council upper house, of which the members were elected in some colonies, appointed by the colony's governor in others. The governor of each colony was appointed by the British government (nominally by the Queen/King) and authorised laws passed by their parliament on advice from a Council comprising selected ministers of the government. The voters/citizens might have thought they were not 'ruled' but governed. In representative democracy the members of parliament represent their constituents, they don't rule them.