Australian Colonial Settlement

No. The Lady Penrhyn was one of the ships of the First Fleet. Famous convict architect Francis Greenway was not on any of the ships of the First Fleet. He arrived in Sydney on the transport General Hewitt in February 1814, 26 years after the First Fleet.

Arthur Phillip was born in London on 11 October 1738. He joined the Royal Navy when he was fifteen, and alternately earned a living as a navy officer and as a farmer. He climbed his way up through the ranks in the navy, being much sought after as a calm and reasonable officer, and later captain, and he had many naval battle successes, including when he was seconded to the Portuguese navy in its war with Spain. During that period he became commander of a Portuguese colony supported by convict labour, and his patron the Duke of Norfolk was able to recommend him for command of the botany Bay expedition as having experience in administering a military-convict colony.

In October 1786, Phillip was appointed Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales. He was a practical man who suggested that convicts with experience in farming, building and crafts be included in the First Fleet, but his proposal was rejected.

The First Fleet left Portsmouth, England, on 13 May 1787,and arrived in Botany Bay on 18 January 1788. Phillip immediately determined that there was insufficient fresh water, an absence of usable timber, poor quality soil and no safe harbour at Botany Bay. Thus the fleet was moved to Port Jackson, arriving on 26 January 1788.

Phillip faced many obstacles in his attempts to establish the new colony. British farming methods, seeds and implements were unsuitable for use in the different climate and soil: much of the seed had rotted or been eaten by rats on the journey over, and the implements and tools could not stand up to the tougher treatment and conditions of the Australian soil and climate. The colony faced near-starvation in its first two years, and was finally saved by the success of a barley crop.

Out of necessity, due to the growing need for more land in Sydney, Phillip undertook several expeditions of exploration in the immediate area. His explorations resulted in the first spread of settlement to the Parramatta and Rose Hill areas. He also traced the course of the Hawkesbury River as far upstream as he could, to Richmond Hill, and he then continued on to the junction with the Grose River.

Despite numerous setbacks, under Phillip's rationing and sensible direction, the colony finally succeeded in developing a solid foundation, agriculturally and economically, thanks to the perseverance of Captain Arthur Phillip. As a military man, he began to establish a legal code by publishing weekly orders for the governance of the colony. It was by his leadership alone that the colony became entirely self-sufficient. He also worked to improve understanding with the local Aborigines.

Also whilst Governor, Captain Arthur Phillip established the military colony to protect the East India Company trade as directed, and in doing so also preempted French intrusion into the area. He also established a station on Norfolk Island, under Philip Gidley King, to begin to supply masts and flax for the British fleet.

Poor health forced Phillip to return to England in 1792. He resigned his commission soon after arriving back in England, and died on 31 August 1814.

Early settlers rarely ate lamb unless they were wealthy. Usually, they ate mutton.

Lachlan Macquarie was Governor of the New South Wales colony in Australia from 1810 to 1821. Because of his military training and strong sense of organisation and discipline, he was ideal to restore order to the colony, after the chaos which followed the Rum Rebellion against Governor William Bligh.

Macquarie aimed to develop the New South Wales colony from from penal colony to free settlement. He was the one to introduce the first building code into the colony; requirements of the building code included that all buildings must be constructed of timber or brick; they must have a shingle tile roof; and they must have a proper chimney, to minimise fire risk. He also ordered that roads, bridges, wharves, churches and public buildings be constructed. After Macquarie inspected Hobart Town in Van Diemen's Land, now Tasmania, he ordered a proper survey of a regular street layout, and this layout still forms the current centre of the city of Hobart.

Macquarie promoted exploration in order to facilitate the spread of settlement. In 1813 he sponsored Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson on their journey across the Blue Mountains, where they found the grazing plains of the interior. Following their discovery, Macquarie ordered the establishment of Bathurst, Australia's first inland city. He appointed John Oxley as surveyor-general and sent him on expeditions up the coast of New South Wales and inland to find new rivers and new lands for settlement. The Lachlan and Macquarie Rivers in NSW are named after him.

The related link below gives specific details of Macquarie's plans and improvements.

Elizabeth Hayward was not the youngest convict to enter Australia. She was the youngest female convict. The youngest convict was John Hudson, just nine years old.

Elizabeth Hayward was married twice. Her husbands were William Nicholls, and then George Collins.

The British invaded the Aborigines in 1788.

The last survived from 1788 until 1856 Elizabeth Thackery 89 years.

Bark canoes. The Indigenous Australians, or Aborigines, were the only ones occupying the continent in the 1600s.

Arthur Phillip did not have "friendship" with the indigenous people as, like so many others after him, there were times when cultural misunderstandings erupted into violence. To that end, Phillip sought to capture several Aborigines whom he hoped would be able to be mediators between the white and black cultures. The most famous of these was Bennelong who did, indeed, serve as intermediary for some years, even travelling to England. Unfortunately, Bennelong was rejected by his own people as a result of his integration into white society, and this did nothing to help relations between the cultures.

So, while it can be said that Phillip had the best of intentions in trying to maintain relations between the Europeans and Aborigines, his intentions were sorely misplaced.

There were no "policemen" in the First Fleet. The men guarding the prisoners were called marines.

He had two spouses.

Isabella Phillip

Margaret Philip

The convicts who landed on the shores of Australia originally came from England.

Later fleets included Irish, Scottish and Welsh, but the majority were English. The Irish who came were often political convicts, sent for their rebellion against England.

The early European settlers did not understand the language, primarily, which caused many misunderstandings. They did not understand cultural differences and mannerisms: Captain Arthur Phillip, for example, was speared in the shoulder when he put out his hand to shake an Aborigine's hand in greeting - this was actually seen as an act of aggression by the Aborigine. However, another major contentious issue was that of "ownership". The Aborigines did not understand the European concept of ownership, whilst the Europeans did not understand the Aboriginal way of sharing everything. This led to many vengeful attacks between the whites and Aborigines, as the latter would happily kill white man's stock and cook it for their entire tribe. Naturally, the Europeans saw this as stealing, and launched their own attacks.

1933

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Australia, as a western-style nation has similar transportation methods to the US. Vast distances must be traveled between capital cities so there is an extensive road system. Many goods are moved by truck - semitrailer and by air. Air or road travel is the usual way for people to move between places. The nation has a rail system, although this has declined over the years for freight or inter-city travel purposes. Also, there are ports in the major centers. In capital cities, the usual western modes of transport exist - rail, tram, cars, ferries. Each capital has its own combinations that best suit it - Sydney has ferries and hydrofoils to take commuters across the port that divides the city and Melbourne is known for its tram system.

Cabral had thirteen ships under his command, with over 1500 people working on them.

squadron Flotilla, Squadron......

The convicts themselves were not permitted to take anything except the clothes they wore when they were convicted.

Yes, it is the second largest colony in Asia in terms of area divided into 12 sectors.

Sydney, now the capital city of New South Wales, was the first to be built on the shores of Port Jackson. It was the first settlement in Australia, and founded by the convicts, marines and officers of the First Fleet on 26 January 1788.

The explorers of Australia typically faced * Starvation - they could not carry enough rations for their journey, and they lacked knowledge of suitable bush foods. They had to hunt for their food (kangaroos, etc) and sometimes went for days or weeks without sufficient food * Lack of water (the Forrest brothers, Giles and Gibson) * Exhaustion (Sturt, Leichhardt. Eyre) * Malaria (Leichhardt) * Murder (Eyre's overseer, Baxter, was killed by two men of Eyre's own exploration party) * Hostile aborigines (Stuart, Leichhardt, Kennedy) * Scurvy (Stuart)

He was tried at Thetford, Norfolk on 14 March 1783 for burglary with a value of 450 shillings. He was sentenced to transportation for 7 years having been originally sentenced to death, and left England on the Friendship aged about 20 at that time (May 1787). His occupation was listed as labourer. He died in 1846.

The first governor of Australia was Captain Arthur Phillip.