Babylon

Perhaps the most important advance made by the Mesopotamians was the invention of writing by the Sumerians. With the invention of writing came the first recorded laws called Hammurabi's Code as well as the first major piece of literature called the Epic Tale of Gilgamesh. Although archeologists don't know for sure who invented the wheel, the oldest wheel discovered was found in Mesopotamia. It is likely the Sumer first used the wheel in making pottery in 3500BC and then used it for their chariots in around 3200 BC. The Mesopotamians used a number system with the base 60 (like we use base 10). They divided time up by 60s including a 60 second minute and a 60 minute hour, which we still use today. They also divided up the circle into 360 degrees. They had a wide knowledge of mathematics including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, quadratic and cubic equations, and fractions. This was important in keeping track of records as well as in some of their large building projects. The Mesopotamians had formulas for figuring out the circumference and area for different geometric shapes like rectangles, circles, and triangles. Some evidence suggests that they even knew the Pythagorean Theorem long before Pythagoras wrote it down. They may have even discovered the number for pi in figuring the circumference of a circle.

Babylonia is an ancient country of Mesopotamia which came after Sumer and Akkad which lasted about 1200 years. It was ruled by a king who had absolute power and under him was monarch who exercised legislative and judicial as well as executive powers. The life of the Babylonians was modified that of the Sumerian in accordance with their own culture and beliefs. Throughout 1200 years, there were no major changes in its way of life as the system proved to be highly effective. Trade was critical to Old Babylonia, where many highly prized natural resources were scarce but agricultural goods were in surplus.

A vibrant trading system developed, bringing manufactured goods and raw materials from as far as Turkey, and even India, 1500 miles away. Trade became integral to the economy and the culture. In this lesson, students explore the trade industry in Old Babylonia and its far-flung influence. That was life for the Babylonian citizens.

No country uses the Code of Hammurabi as their primary way of enforcing laws today.

The code was enforced in Ancient Babylon @ 1760 B.C. by the King of Babylon Hammurabi.

The Hammurabi code is not just ten rules. The Code's importance as a reflection of Babylonian society is indisputable. Hammurabi's laws were established to be the "laws of Justice" intended to clarify the rights of any "oppressed man." Mesopotamia society under the Hammurabi code was one of strict penalties for criminal offenses with punishment severe and varied according to the wealth of the individual. Hammurabi's rigidly centralized ruling system prospered from tribute and taxes, which he used to both compensate state dependents and finance extensive state irrigation and building projects. The code also gives us a clear sense of the ways ancient Babylonians invested divine authority in their secular leaders.

The cities of Babylon and Nineveh were two of the most important cities of ancient mesopotamia. The ruins of Nineveh are located on the outskirts of the city of Mosul in northern Iraq. The ruins of Babylon are located nearby the city of Hillah in central Iraq. The distance between the cities is approximately 510 Kilometers (317 miles).

While the Median kingdom controlled the highland region, the Chaldeans, with their capital at Babylon, were masters of the Fertile Crescent. Nebuchadnezzar, becoming king of the Chaldeans in 604 B.C., raised Babylonia to another epoch of brilliance after more than a thousand years of eclipse. By defeating the Egyptians in Syria, Nebuchadnezzar ended their hopes of re-creating their empire. As we have seen (p. 29), he destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B.C. and carried thousands of Jews captive to Babylonia. Nebuchadnezzar reconstructed Babylon, making it the largest and most impressive city of its day. The tremendous city walls were wide enough at the top to have rows of small houses on either side. In the center of Babylon ran the famous Procession Street, which passed through the Ishtar Gate. This arch, which was adorned with brilliant tile animals, is the best remaining example of Babylonian architecture. The immense palace of Nebuchadnezzar towered terrace upon terrace, each resplendent with masses of ferns, flowers, and trees. These roof gardens, the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon, were so beautiful that they were regarded by the Greeks as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

-

Nebuchadnezzar also rebuilt the great temple-tower or ziggurat, the Biblical "Tower of Babel," which the Greek historian Herodotus viewed a century later and described as a tower of solid masonry, a furlong [220 yards] in length and breadth, upon which was raised a second tower, and on that a third, and so on up to eight. The ascent to the top is on the outside, by a path which winds round all the towers.

-

Nebuchadnezzar was the last great Mesopotamian ruler, and Chaldean power quickly crumbled after his death in 562 B.C. The Chaldean priests - whose interest in Astrology so greatly added to the fund of Babylonian astronomical

Knowledge that the word "Chaldean" came to mean astronomer - continually undermined the monarchy. Finally, in 539 B.C., they opened the gates of Babylon to Cyrus the Persian, thus fulfilling Daniel's message of doom upon the notorious Belshazzar, the last Chaldean ruler: "You have been weighed in the balances and found wanting" (Dan. 5:27).

[Footnote 28: Herodotus History of the Persian Wars 1.181, trans. G.

Rawlinson.]

There is a wide numbers in the Babylon dynasty. From Sargon to Nebuchadnezzar II there was a long list of kings but after the last babylon king died the median king entered the city and became part of the median Empire and after time the Persians entered. There were no war at the change of powers since one king died who married to other kings so the next in the families got the throne.

Hammurabi ruled the ancient Babylon kingdom.

2,435 miles

The remains of Babylon are found in present-day Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about 53 miles south of Baghdad.

(2) harsh laws are needed to control society

It is not a timeline but it is the best one you can find which I posted in the related links box below.

Harsh laws are needed to control society

Democracy is the less bad of the forms of governments which eligible citizens may participate equally either directly or, through elected representatives, indirectly in the proposal, development and establishment of the laws by which their society is run. If you have seen news lately, fair treatment of people doesn't come equally.

No the "Code of Hammurabi" was a set of laws enacted by the King Hammurabi in Babylon it did not involve any type of encoding scheme.

Nebuchadnezzar.

They all had Kings and Pharaohs

"An eye for an eye ..." is a paraphrase of Hammurabi's Code, a collection of 282 laws inscribed on an upright stone pillar. The code was found by French archaeologists in 1901 while excavating the ancient city of Susa, which is in modern-day Iran. Hammurabi is the best known and most celebrated of all Mesopotamian kings. He ruled the Babylonian Empire from 1792-50 B.C.E. Although he was concerned with keeping order in his kingdom, this was not his only reason for compiling the list of laws. When he began ruling the city-state of Babylon, he had control of no more than 50 square miles of territory. As he conquered other city-states and his empire grew, he saw the need to unify the various groups he controlled.

They could and they perceived that doing this was their gods' wills that they expand in every direction.

Historically, there was the "Right to Conquest" which was a pervasive idea in political thought. The idea was that it was natural for any country or state to grow and control more territory as it grew stronger. This allowed weaker states to dissolve in place of ones that were better run, a bureaucratic version of "survival of the fittest". The "Right to Conquest" prevailed as the dominant theory of nation-building until the mid-1800s when people started bringing up the concept of self-sovereignty and ethnic nationalism, which held the idea that people should govern themselves even if they are not the most powerful in the world. This view of state sovereignty has become dominant today and the Right to Conquest is seen as incorrect.

Since the Assyrians and Chaldeans existed well within the Right to Conquest Period, their kings did not have to assert a reason to conquer neighboring territories in Southwest Asia. It was their natural prerogative. That the Israelites happened to be in their crosshairs is a matter of circumstance and the Assyrians and Chaldeans had no particular enmity for the Israelites when compared to other Southwest Asian peoples.

The "world" has never had one government in control of it.

At the time of the New Testament most of the area around the Mediterranean Sea wass controlled by Rome.

However, that excludes a large part of the world - and even areas which were then known to be inhabited.

The Byzantine Empire was the predominantly Greek-speaking continuation of the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the middle Ages. The laws that influenced the modern legal codes dates further back to the Babylonian empire and that is the Hammurabi code of law.

its the weaponds and the way they set up the fighting arangements

It is now known as Ancient Mesopotamia, part of modern day Iraq

Tzidkiyah.