Biodiversity

Roughly 10% of organic energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, with the rest being lost as heat or used for metabolic processes. This phenomenon is known as the 10% rule and is a fundamental concept in ecology.

Yes, most grasses are perennial plants, meaning they live for more than two years. Perennial grasses have the advantage of coming back year after year, making them commonly found in lawns, prairies, and meadows.

In plants, after the light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, the anabolic Calvin cycle occurs. Carbon, which enters the Calvin cycle as CO2, leaves in the form of sugar. Also, the cycle consumes NADPH as reducing power to make sugar by adding high-energy electrons and spends energy in the form of ATP. The Calvin cycle consists of three main phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor.

In carbon fixation, the enzyme rubisco catalyzes the incorporation and attachment of each CO2 molecule one by one to ribulose biphosphate (RuBP), a five-carbon sugar.

This resulting six-carbon intermediate is short-lived because it is unstable; it splits in half, immediately forming two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate for each CO2. Note that it is important to keep track of the number of molecules, and counting the total carbons is one good way to keep track. Originally there are 3 molecules of the 5-carbon RuBP (total: 15 carbons). If 3 CO2 molecules enter one at a time, then there are three 6-carbon intermediates (total: 18 carbons-15 carbons from the original RuBP + 3 carbons each CO2 molecule) and then six 3-phosphoglycerate molecules (total: 18 carbons).

Then reduction occurs as 6 ATP provide the six 3-phosphoglycerate molecules with another phosphate group. As a result, all of the six 3-phosphoglycerate molecules are now six 1,3 biphosphoglycerate. Each 1,3 biphosphoglycerate has 3 carbons, so there are still 18 total carbons. Next, the six 1,3 biphosphoglycerate molecules are reduced to six glyceraldehydes-3-phosphates by six pairs of electrons donated from six NADPH. To be even more detailed, the carboxyl group of the 3-phosphoglycerate (G3P) is reduced by the NADPH electrons to G3P's aldehyde group, which stores more energy. There is a net output of one G3P molecule, which becomes the starting material from which other organic compounds such as glucose are synthesized through various metabolic pathways. Note that G3P is the same 3-carbon sugar formed by the splitting of glucose in glycolysis. Also, there is now a total of 15 carbons in the Calvin cycle (18 carbons - 3 carbons that left in the outputted G3P).

Lastly, the carbon skeletons of the five remaining G3P molecules are rearranged into 3 molecules of 5-carbon RuBP with the help of three more molecules of ATP. The CO2 acceptor RuBP is regenerated and ready to receive CO2 once more as you can see from the total of 15 carbons in the cycle, and the Calvin cycle can now begin again. Also note that the Calvin cycle consumes 6 NADPH molecules and 9 ATP molecules in all for the net synthesis of one G3P molecule.

The Calvin cycle includes three main stages: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-biphosphate). During these stages, carbon dioxide is converted into sugars using ATP and NADPH generated from the light reactions of photosynthesis.

The three subdivisions of the biological environment are ecosystems, communities, and populations. Ecosystems encompass all living organisms and their physical environment in a specific area. Communities refer to the various species living in the same area and interacting with each other. Populations are groups of individuals of the same species living in a particular area.

Its necessary for photosynthesis in the water just as it is on land.

A diversity concert typically lasts between 2-3 hours, so it would likely finish between 9pm and 10pm if it starts at 7pm.

The biophysical environment (soil types, drainage basins, depth in a water body), and spatial interactions (home ranges, migration patterns, fluxes of matter)determine the state of biodiversity..

1. Design: Man-made ecosystems are intentionally created by humans for specific purposes.
2. Control: Humans have a high degree of control over the components and functions of man-made ecosystems.
3. Diversity: Man-made ecosystems can support a diverse range of species and interactions.
4. Stability: They can be designed to be more stable and resilient to external disturbances.
5. Productivity: Man-made ecosystems can be highly productive, with high yields of desired resources.
6. Adaptability: They can be easily modified or adapted to changing needs or conditions.

The chloroplast is the organelle that participates in the Calvin cycle. Within the chloroplast, the stroma is where the Calvin cycle takes place.

b. a large number of people age 20-44 implies the greatest built-in momentum for population growth as this age group typically represents the peak childbearing years and is essential for replenishing and growing the population.

The major causes of depletion of biodiversity in India include habitat loss due to deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture expansion; overexploitation of natural resources such as hunting and fishing; pollution from industries and agriculture; and invasive species disrupting native ecosystems.

Plants in Kenya adapt to their environment by developing mechanisms such as drought resistance, efficient water usage, and deep root systems to survive in the country's diverse climates. They also rely on specific adaptations like thick waxy coatings on leaves to reduce water loss and specialized structures for dispersing seeds to thrive in the region's varied landscapes. Additionally, plants in Kenya may have symbiotic relationships with certain animals or microbes to enhance their nutrient uptake and protection against pests.

Ecological pyramids can be based on the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level, as well as the biomass, energy, or productivity within each level. These pyramids illustrate the flow of energy and matter through an ecosystem, with each tier representing a different trophic level. They help visualize the structure of an ecosystem and the relationship between producers, consumers, and decomposers.

The Calvin cycle needs to be run through six times to produce one molecule of glucose. This is because each turn of the Calvin cycle fixes one molecule of carbon dioxide, and glucose has six carbons in its structure.

ATP is needed in the Calvin cycle to power the phosphorylation of molecules, such as the conversion of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) to 3-phosphoglycerate. This process requires energy from ATP to facilitate the necessary chemical reactions for carbon fixation.

Nitrogen must be in the form of ammonium (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3-) before plants and animals can use it for growth and development. These forms of nitrogen can be taken up by plant roots and further utilized in biological processes.

1. Proportionality: Punishment should be proportional to the offense committed to maintain fairness and justice.
2. Certainty: Punishment should be certain and consistent to deter future misconduct.
3. Legitimacy: Punishment should be perceived as fair and legitimate by the individual and society to be effective in deterring undesirable behavior.

Yes. CO2 enters the cycle one molecule at a time. Rubisco binds it to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), which is a five-carbon compound. After several chemical changes, six three-carbon compounds (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, G3P) are formed. One of the six is put out as G3P to make glucose and other organic compounds. The other five are used to regenerate three more RuBPs.

Coral reefs are often home to animals which can only live in coral reefs. As coral reefs across the world begin to die off, so do many animals. Examples include simple shrimp and cleaner wrasses which feed on the algae and plant matters which grow on the coral. Animals which eat these smaller bottomfeeders will then start to suffer as many of them cannot move into colder water regions.

From parents, one set of chromosomes from mom and another from dad, like in humans, each gamete (egg or sperm) has only 23 chromosomes, but when egg is fertilized, forming embryo will have 46 chromosomes.

Biodiversity measures the variety of species present in a community as well as the genetic diversity within those species.

The Calvin cycle is a common method of photosynthesis, specifically the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert carbon dioxide and energy from sunlight into glucose.