C Programming

#include<stdio.h>

main()

{

int r;

float area;

clrscr();

printf("enter the value of r\n");

scanf("%d",&r);

area=3.142*r*r;

printf("area of circle=%f\n",area);

getch();

}

Here is an example program:

class obj{

public:

float p,n,r,si;

friend void calc( obj temp);

};

void calc( obj temp){

si = (p*n*r)/100;

}

The initialization and function calling is essential.

In linked list if there is no any element inside it than we can say linked list is underflow.

Memory manager works with pages and segments;these are different things, don't confuse them.

To delete Microsoft Visual C/C++, like any other Windows program, simply uninstall it using Control Panel / Add-Remove Programs. For additional information, consult the readme that came with the original program.

Public Sub Swap()

dim inta as integer

dim intb as integer

dim intc as integer

inta=4

intb=5

intb=inta

intc=intb

inta=intc

End Sub

control speed,noise, and wake

Initgraph initializes the graphics system by loading a graphics driver from disk (or validating a registered driver) then putting the system into

graphics mode.Initgraph also resets all graphics settings (color, palette, current position, viewport, etc.) to their defaults, then resets graphresult to 0.

Your IDE should include syntax checking, which highlights errors as they occur (similar to a grammar/spell checker in a word-processor). Attempting to compile a program that contains a syntax error will fail to compile, but it should provide a list of all the errors that need to be fixed. If the error is an obvious one, the error list may include a solution to the problem, but you must make the necessary changes manually -- the syntax checker won't modify any code for you, even if the error is an obvious one, such as using . instead of -> on a pointer.

yes it is possible to make a private class in C++ but this class will not solve any purpose.................

All array names will implicitly convert to a pointer to the first element in the array. Note that when passing an array to a function, you must also pass the array length as a separate argument because the pointer alone cannot tell you how many elements were actually allocated to the array, let alone how many are currently in use. However, there are some exceptions. For example, a null-terminated string argument does not require a length argument as the null-terminator denotes the end of the character array. User-defined arrays can use a similar technique, using any "unused" or "invalid" value or token to denote the end of the array.

Note that the following function signatures are identical:

void f (int* a, unsigned len);

void f (int a[], unsigned len);

The latter is more readable as it makes it clear the pointer refers to an array.

When passing multi-dimensional arrays, you must add an extra level of indirection for each additional dimension:

void g (int* a[], unsigned rows, unsigned cols); // two-dimensional array

void h (int** a[], unsigned width, unsigned height, unsigned depth); // three-dimensional array

Multi-dimensional arrays can also be null-terminated or terminated by a designated token value. The canonical example of this is a global main function which accepts command line arguments. These arguments are passed through a null-terminated array of null-terminated strings (a two-dimensional array of type char).

int main (char* argv[], int argc) {

assert (argc>=1); // always at least one element

assert (argv[0] != NULL); // the first element is always the executable name (non-NULL)

assert (argv[argc-1] != NULL); // the last element is always non-NULL

assert (argv[argc] == NULL); // the one-past-the-end element is always NULL

return 0;

}

There is no single structure to a C++ program. C++ is multi-paradigm and allows programmers to use any combination of C-style programming, object-oriented programming and template metaprogramming using a mixture of primitive built-in types, standard library types and user-defined types.

Pick one:

ROM, PROM, EPROM

write-protected magnetic disk/tape, CD-ROM, DVD-R

write-protected partition/file, other user's or sysadmin's file

code-segment, read-only data-segment, other user's or kernel's code- or data-segment

/* hanoi.c */

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

static long step;

static void Hanoi (int n, int from, int to,int spare)

{

if (n>1) Hanoi (n-1,from,spare,to);

printf ("Step %ld: move #%d %d-->%d\n", ++step, n, from, to);

if (n>1) Hanoi (n-1,spare,to,from);

}

int main (int argc, char **argv)

{

int n;

if (argc==1 (n= atoi(argv[1]))<=0) n= 5;

step= 0;

Hanoi (n, 1, 2, 3);

return 0;

}

Not sure what dosh is but dos.h was used by Turbo C/C++ to handle DOS interrupts way back in the early 90s. DOS has largely been consigned to the history books now that Windows is an OS in its own right. Until 1995 it ran on top of DOS, the actual OS, but no-one in their right mind would consider running DOS programs in Windows in this day and age. Console applications are not DOS programs, they are fully-fledged Windows programs but without a fancy GUI.

As this is probably a homework question, I will give you some pseudo code:

[code]

num_chars = 0

READ ch FROM string

WHILE ch IS NOT END OF STRING

num_chars = num_chars + 1

READ ch FROM string

END WHILE

[/code]

Remember that in C, we use what are called "C-strings". C-strings are a pointer to a continuous group of characters in memory which are terminated by a null character. The null character is '\0', and has an integer value of 0.

The C-string generally points to the first character in the string. To access the value of this character, you must use the dereferencing operator, *. If you want to move to the next character, you simply add 1 to the pointer.

So if you have a C-string:

char *str = "abcd";

then:

*str '\0'

Anything past the null character is undefined. Trying to access this data is considered to be a buffer overflow, and is very dangerous.

Note that c-strings created as pointers should always be treated as immutable, as trying to change them might produce errors. Many compilers will allocate the above string inside the static data area, along with any constants or literals which can not fit inside the immediate field of an instruction.

If you want a mutable string, then declare it as a character array:

char str[] = "abcd";

This method of declaration will explicitly allocate memory on the stack to store the c string in, and as such, the string can be safely manipulated without fear of unintended side effects.

You would use linked lists instead of arrays in two instances:

1) You don't know how long your list will be and it is apt to dramatically change length.

2) You will make lots of additions and removals in the middle of your list.

Well, C is not platform dependent. You can compile C into source code on a Windows, Mac, Unix or any other operating system as long as you are using that type of computer. You could write code that can be compiled on almost any operating system. But the programs you write may or may not be able to move from system to system based on whether or not you use tools specific to that operating system. Java is not actually platform independent either because you need JVM to run it. It's just that most computers come with JVM installed.

Both of the above are wrong. The C language specification itself is platform-dependent, as there are numerous places where ambiguities (both intentional and unintentional) cause different behavior according to how both the platform AND the C-compiler writer chose to behave. Thus, while it is possible to write a C program which is highly-portable, that program is still dependent on the exact implementation of the C compiler and OS it runs on. So, the behavior of a C program depends on the platform.

The Java Language is platform INDEPENDENT, since it does NOT have the implementation ambiguities of C, and has a completely-standardized interface to all platforms (the JVM spec). Naturally, the JVM program is plaform dependent, as creating it to conform to the Java VM specification requires knowledge of the peculiarities of the platform.

in the java as we use the inheritance property in the same way we can get the the inheritance property in c by using the prepared header files( .h files).

there a single program in c use the many methods of many header files like math.h give us to use the use of floor(), sqrt() e.t.c. functions..

The for loop looks like this:

for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

{

...

}

This will repeat anything inside ten times; the variable "i" will have the values 1, 2, ...10. The first part is the initial assignment, the second part specifies a condition - while it is true, the loop should continue, and the third part increments the variable(s).

Replace the "..." with anything you want to repeat 10 times, for example, a System.out.println(...) that involves the variable "i".

d.j. erving