chest limb and augmented
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard Limb Leads (Bipolar) "Einthoven's Triangle"
Lead I: right and left arms (lateral wall)
Lead II: right arm and left foot (inferior wall)
Lead III: left arm and [usually] foot (inferior wall)
- Note that the right arm is always negatively charged and the left foot is always positively charged
Augmented Leads (Unipolar*)
aVR: right arm (no specific view)
aVL: left arm (lateral wall)
aVF: left leg [usually foot] (inferior wall)
Precordial "Chest" Leads (Unipolar*)- see link called "precordial 'chest' leads" in related links for diagram
V1: 4th intercostal space to right of sternum (septal wall)
V2: 4th intercostal space to left of sternum (septal wall)
V3: between leads V2 and V4 (anterior wall)
V4: 5th intercostal space at midclavicular line (anterior wall)
V5: level with V4 at left anterior axillary line (lateral wall)
V6: level with V5 at left midaxillary line, directly under midpoint of armpit (lateral wall)
* It's important to note that with the unipolar leads, they work assuming that the "center point" is negative and the ends (the actual lead placement) are positive.
Digoxin increases ventricular irritability and puts the patient at risk for ventricular fibrillation after the countershock.
Cross-striations form cardiac muscle. The crossed formation makes the tissue and muscle stronger.
An American-trained D.O. (doctor of osteopathic medicine) can practice cardiology exactly the same way an M.D. does: by going to medical school and completing all the internship and residency requirements and passing the cardiology board certification exams.
In fact, a D.O. can work in any medical specialty as an M.D., because they're both equivalent medical physicians in the United States.