Catalysts and Catalysis

Evans catalyst is a chiral complex used in asymmetric catalysis. It consists of a chiral dirhodium(II) tetracarboxylate complex, which is effective in promoting enantioselective reactions. It is commonly used in organic synthesis to induce chirality in molecules.

Cofactors and coenzymes are the inorganic non-protein components that participate in enzyme catalysis by assisting in catalyzing reactions. Coenzymes are organic molecules that usually function as temporary carriers of specific functional groups, whereas cofactors are typically inorganic ions or molecules that assist in enzyme function.

Potato enzymes are proteins found in potatoes that play a role in various biochemical processes such as metabolism and growth. Some common potato enzymes include amylase, which breaks down starch into sugars, and catalase, which helps break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

No, gastrin is a hormone produced by the stomach and pancreas that functions to stimulate the secretion of gastric acid by the stomach. It is not an enzyme but rather acts as a signaling molecule in the digestive system.

No, adenine is not an enzyme. Adenine is one of the four nucleobases that make up DNA and RNA, while enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions in living organisms.

No, starch is not a catalyst. Starch is a carbohydrate that serves as a source of energy for plants and animals when broken down into glucose through digestion. Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions but remain unchanged in the process.

A biological catalyst is a substance, typically a protein (such as an enzyme), that increases the rate of a chemical reaction within a living organism. Biological catalysts work by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, thus speeding up the process. This enables essential biological processes to occur efficiently in cells and organisms.

The scale of mineral hardness is referred to as the Mohs scale. They run from 1 which is Talc to 10, which is diamond. The other units are 2: Gypsum, 3: Calcite, 4: Fluorite, 5: Apatite, 6: Feldspar, 7: Quartz, 8: Topaz, and 9: Corundum.

When we use the "ase" ending for a chemical, especially in a biological sense, we are talking about an enzyme. Which is a protein that enables a chemical change not otherwise possible. It is a biological catalyst. Each single reaction that requires an enzyme is different so there is a different enzyme for every kind of reaction needed!

We name the enzymes after the chemical they act on. Cellulase is a chemical produced by cows that acts on cellulose (see how similar they look?) which is the main structural component of plants. (By the way, the "ose" ending means a starch or a sugar, like glucose, fructose, amylose....) This allows the cow to digest tough plant material that humans would need to cook before eating (leaves) or cannot eat at all (hay.)

No, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is not a catalyst. It is a molecule that serves as the primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes. Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process, while ATP is consumed and converted into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) during energy-releasing reactions.

A catalyst like platinum is a non-biological substance that speeds up chemical reactions by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy. Enzymes, on the other hand, are biological catalysts that are specific to certain reactions and are essential for biological processes. Enzymes are made up of proteins and can be regulated by the cells that produce them, while catalysts like platinum are typically inorganic and do not have this level of specificity or regulation.

The catalyst for smog-forming reactions is often sunlight, which initiates a series of chemical reactions involving pollutants like nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. These reactions create ozone and other harmful compounds that contribute to the formation of smog.

An example of a catalyst in the body is enzymes, which help speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. Enzymes are involved in various processes in the body such as metabolism, digestion, and cellular signaling. They lower the energy required for reactions to occur, making them essential for the proper functioning of biological systems.

Fruit enzymes are natural proteins found in fruits that help break down food molecules into smaller, more digestible forms. They play a role in the ripening process of fruits and can also be used in skincare products for their exfoliating and brightening properties. Examples include papain from papaya and bromelain from pineapple.

Enzymes are biological catalysts. This means they speed up a chemical reaction, but are not broken down or changed by it. They lower the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to tack place.

bio- means life and -ology means study of, therefore biology means the study of life

enzyme catalysis is usually homogeneous because the substrate and enzyme are present in aqueous solution

General Properties

• Catalysts

• Protein

• Specific

• Reversible - can catalyse the reaction in both directions

• Denatured by high temperature and change in pH

• Rate of action affected by temperature and pH

The amount of catalyst left over after a reaction depends on various factors such as its reactivity, consumption in the reaction, and conditions. Without additional information, it is not possible to determine how much catalyst would be left over after using 10mL in a reaction.

A catalyst lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction without undergoing any change in mass but may change in color , texture e.t.c

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it can also speed up a reaction. simply a catalyst can change the rate of a reaction, both slow and increase rate

Enzymes reduce the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur by stabilizing the transition state of the reaction. This allows the reaction to proceed more rapidly than if it were to occur without the enzyme present.

Mammalian enzymes are proteins found in mammals that catalyze chemical reactions in biological processes. They play important roles in digestion, metabolism, and other physiological functions by facilitating specific biochemical reactions within cells. Examples include amylase in saliva for breaking down carbohydrates and lipase in the pancreas for digesting fats.

Biological catalysts that are proteins are called enzymes. Enzymes bring the substrates together to form the enzyme-substrate complex, which leads to the generation of the products of the reaction.

It is a simple metal oxide, which can make it a salt.