What are successive cereal crops?
As part of a European Union funded project IGER and LARS together with partners in Ireland and Denmark have developed a system for growing cereal crops for either whole crop silage or grain production that requires greatly reduced level of N fertiliser and arochemeicals.
The systemThe system now developed is simple and straightforward. It depends on a permanent, perennial understorey of white clover ( Trifolium repens ) to provide N and a range of other benefits to the cereal crop. Initially a sward of pure white clover is established and there are a number of methods of doing this. In autumn the clover is defoliated either by grazing with sheep or by cutting and ensiling. Following this a cereals crop, usually winter wheat, is direct drilled into the clover understorey, usually in October. The cereal and clover develop together over winter and the bicrop is given 50 kg N fertiliser/ha in late spring (May). This compares with around 200 kg N/ha given to conventional crops. The N applied to the bicrop can be provided by slurry instead of using artificial fetiliser. We believe that the clover understorey fixes a substantial amount of N that the cereal can utilise.The cereal plus clover understorey is allowed to develop and can be cut for silage or the cereal can be left to mature and a grain crop taken. Following harvest for silage or grain the clover understorey recovers quickly and is defoliated again in autumn. A further cereal crop is then drilled into the clover to repeat the cycle. Our research suggests that it is possible to grow four successive cereal crops but there would be a need to switch from wheat to another cereal, probably oats, after two years to reduce the risk of diseases.
Weeds, pests and diseasesIn conventionally grown crops agrochemicals are usually needed to control weeds, pests and diseases. However in our bicropping system the need for the use of these chemicals is greatly reduced.Weeds: Few broad-leaved weeds are able to compete with the dense cereal clover crop canopy. However, grass weeds (especially Poa spp) have been very troublesome at some sites, leading to crop failure. The problem is however easily controlled by the application of paraquat in late autumn, just prior to drilling the cereal.
Pests: Aphids are the major pests of cereal crops but their populations do not develop in bicrops for a number of reasons. These include a) large numbers of predatory insects build-up in the perennial clover understorey b) 90% of aphids fall off their host plant every day and the clover makes it physically difficult for them to relocate their host c) differences in N nutrition of the cereal plants reduce aphid population growth.
Diseases: the major disease of wheat is Septoria, which is splash borne, but the clover understorey prevents rain from splashing the disease propagules up the cereal plant. Consequently the use of fungicides is reduced or obviated.
YieldsIn our recent work whole crop silage yields were some 98% of those from conventionally grown crops, but were achieved with greatly reduced level of N and agrochemical usage. Grain yields however have been disappointing and have averaged around only 60% of those of conventional crops. But the reductions appear to be due to late season plant competition form the clover. Further works is needed to investigate and develop appropriate methods of reducing this competition and we can envisage how this may be achieved. Other advantages of the systemThe perennial cover of vegetation virtually halts wind and water soil erosion, which would be very advantageous in many situations.Earthworm populations are greatly increased with the consequent benefits to soil fertility and probably for many wild life species, although this has not been scientifically evaluated.
What nutrients does special k have?
Vitamin K, for starters. The nutrients are always labeled on the side of a cerial box, so if you're looking for specifics, check the box. It can even tell you percents of the nutrients in the food.
What happened to 3 minute grits?
They get, what some people call "skin". Don't worry you can still eat it. It tastes the some.
What are the different kinds of cereal?
Cereals as in grains are:
Breakfast Cereals:
What can you put in your grits to give them more flavor?
anything! ! ! they are tasteless to start with
What is the number of calories in Honey Bunches of Oats?
The total number of calories in Honey Bunches of Oats is 110.
What are the five flavors of teddy grahams?
honey, chocolate chip , chocolate, cinnamon , oatmeal
They also have banana
and the used to have rainbow sprinkles teddy grahams but the stopped making those in 2004 they wear my favorite :(
Keep water and oxygen out. Both of these contribute to rancidity reactions and microbial growth. Cereals typically have about 3% moisture, though most of this water is not available for any chemistry to occur. Even so, water within cereal will ultimately lead to rancidity. Sealing your cereal and freezing it is probably your best bet if you want to really make it last.
What does Wheat cereal taste like?
There are some things that cannot really be expressed with word.
The saying a picture is worth a thousand word, is so precise here.
In your case, go eat some, and see what you think.
When you have, please adjust this question with your prognosis.
What is a Starchy cereal obtained from the powdered pith of a tropical Asian palm?
Sago
Something tells me you are trying to cheat on the Sunday Express crossword.
Hi, a scallops eye is strikingly blue, and one scallop may have 40 to 60 eyes.
Who is the actor in the fiber plus cereal bar commercial?
Todd Anderson
sithtrinity notes - Kieron Elliott (look up via IMDB - he's there) He also answered a Yahoo Q/A similar to the one here.
What is the milk in cereal commercials made of?
There are a lot of things people believe it is, but it is really made of glue. That's how it floats to the top of the bowl in the commercials.
How do you extract iron from cereal with a magnet?
Materials
A piece of paper
Mortar & pestle
Magnetic stirrer
A magnet
Some tap water
Plastic bag
Procedure:
1) Obtain as close to exactly one serving cereal as possible (by mass). Write down its mass.
2) Crush the cereal to a fine powder in the mortar and pestle, you may have to do it a little at a time. The more finely ground the cereal is, the easier it will be to get the iron.
3) Put the crushed cereal on a piece of paper. Run the magnet over crushed cereal several times, shaking the cereal around so you don't miss any particles.
4) Look for the black in iron on the magnet.
5) Collected the crushed cereal from the pieces of paper and put it on the plastic bag.
6) Cover the crushed cereal in your plastic bags with tap water.
7) Let crushed cereal desalted into the water.
8) Run the magnet inside your plastic bags several times, shaking the cereal around so you don't miss any particles.
9) Remove the magnet and collect your iron on the clean pieces of paper.(but before putting the iron on the pieces of paper u should take the mass of the paper) let it the iron dry for a minutes.
10) When the iron is dry find the mass of the iron alone. Put the piece of paper with the dry iron on top of the scale and subtract the number that the scales reads form the mass of the paper that was taken before.
11) When subtracting the mass of paper alone and the mass of the iron with the paper will give the amount of iron.