Chromatography

If the pH value becomes lower than the protein's isoelectric point (pI) in 2D gel electrophoresis, the protein will acquire a net positive charge due to the excess of protons. This will cause the protein to move towards the cathode during electrophoresis.

In normal-phase chromatography, the stationary phase is polar and the mobile phase is a mixture of non-polar solvents such as hexane and slightly more polar solvents such as isopropanol. water is the most polar solvent of all solvents. If you use water as a mobile phase, the polar analytes will remain dissolved in water and there will be no retention of analytes on the stationary phase. If there is no retention on stationary phase, there is no separation

The second dilution factor refers to the factor by which a solution is further diluted after an initial dilution step. It is calculated by multiplying the volume of the original solution added to the new diluent by the volume of the new diluent divided by the final volume of the diluted solution.

Heating mineral oil that has been mixed with water will cause the water to evaporate. Since the mineral oil evaporates at higher temperatures than water, the water vapor can be collected first and stored in a separate container.

because the ink from the base line would mix with the ink blobs you are testing... its a bit obvious. and NEVER EVER draw your base line under the water. cause that would mean the blobs you are testing mix in the water and you dont know what colours the inks split into. depending on your age this is in your gcse and a level exams i think.

I find paper chromatography interesting because it is a simple yet effective technique for separating mixtures of substances based on their molecular properties. It can be used in various fields such as chemistry, biology, and forensics to analyze and identify different compounds. The process is visually appealing as the separation occurs as colorful bands on the paper.

gas chromatographt (GC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) are different , and to understand why you must think about what chromatography is:

Chromatography in its simplest form is like putting ink on blotting paper and watching the colours separate.

Liquid chromatoraphy uses a "column" which is made from bare or bonded silica, it separates a mixture of compounds by how polar they are. You can use a gradient of different solvents.

GC also uses a column, but it is a capillary column and instead of using a liquid to carry your mixture which needs to be separated it uses a carrier gas, like nitrogen. You can vary the temperatures in both LC and GC to aid better resolution.

GC is used for more volatile compounds and LC is used more less volatile. HPLC usually refers to reversed phase, normal phase is where the column is vare silica which is very polar. Bonded silica is bonded with hydrocarbons which is non polar.

The thing to remember is that "like attracts like" so if the column in non polar, the compound to elute first will be the most polar.

To summarise, they are both separation techniques, one uses gas and the other liquid. You would choose which one to uese depending on how volatile the compounds which you want to separate are.

Vishal Bobade NCL,Pune

Yes, thin layer chromatography can be used to analyze carbohydrates by separating them based on their chemical properties. It is quick, easy to perform, and can separate a variety of carbohydrates in a sample. However, it may not provide as high resolution as other chromatography techniques such as HPLC for complex mixtures.

The number of -R groups in a molecule depends on the specific compound being discussed. For example, in an alkane, each carbon atom is considered to have 3 -R groups (hydrogen atoms in this case). In other functional groups, the number of -R groups can vary.

To prepare a 1% solution of sodium citrate, you would mix 1 gram of sodium citrate with 99 grams of water (for a total of 100 grams solution). Stir the mixture until the sodium citrate is fully dissolved in the water.

No. Take the microbial hydrogen mechanism as an example:
4H2 + CO2 --> CH4 + 2H2O
5 moles of reactants on the left converts to 3 moles of products on the right. The total number of moles of each type of atom does balance however.

The availability and cost of feedstock (such as corn or sugar cane) needed for ethanol production, as well as the efficiency of the conversion process, can limit the amount of synthetic ethanol produced. Additionally, factors like government regulations, market demand, and competition with fossil fuels can also impact the production of synthetic ethanol.

If the cuvette is not correctly placed, it can lead to inaccurate results. Light may not pass through the sample evenly, causing inconsistent readings. It is important to ensure the cuvette is positioned properly to obtain reliable and precise measurements.

Longitudinal diffusion is much more important in GC that in LC. Longitudinal diffusion is a large contribution to H at low flow rates. The initial decreases in H in plots of plate height vs. flow rate are thus largely the result of longitudinal diffusion.. Because gaseous diffusion coefficients are orders of magnitude larger than liquid values, the phenomenon becomes noticeable at higher flow rates in GC than in LC. The minimum is sometimes not observed at all in LC.

The purification in molecular sieve chromatography is dependent on the size of the molecules. The small molecules will enter into pores of gel while large molecules will be excluded from the pores.

When a solvent diffuses, it 'drags' whatever is dissolved in it along with it. The further it d\e same, the different dissolved materials sort out as different stripes or peaks and the banding can t\tography

No. A TLC (Thin Liquid Chromatagraphy) plate is made specially. It has different Compounds to it that make it separate from filter paper.

See 1st related link below for more info on TLC Plates

See 2nd related link for info about filter paper

Column chromatography is used in the lab and industry to isolate the compound that they want. Since some chemical reactions are not selective to the product you want, you have to get rid of the products you don't want. Sometimes column chromatography is the only way.

Tonic water does not glow when mixed with green highlighter ink because the quinine in tonic water, responsible for fluorescence under UV light, is not reactive to the wavelength of light emitted by the green highlighter ink. The fluorescent properties of quinine are specific to certain wavelengths of UV light, which the green highlighter ink does not produce.

Silica gels are used in chromatography because of their high surface area and porous structure, which allows for good separation of different compounds based on their interactions with the silica surface. The silica gel can be modified to have different polarities, making it suitable for a wide range of chromatographic separations. Additionally, silica is chemically inert and stable, making it a reliable stationary phase for chromatography.

The solvent in chromatography helps to carry the sample through the stationary phase (e.g., paper, silica gel) by allowing the components of the sample to separate based on their affinity for the stationary and mobile phases. The choice of solvent affects the resolution and speed of separation in chromatography techniques.

Gas chromatography (GC) provides data on the chemical composition of a sample. It separates and analyzes the individual components of a mixture based on their physical and chemical properties. The data provided by GC includes:

1. Retention time: The time it takes for a compound to travel through the GC column and reach the detector. This can be used to identify the compound.

2. Peak area: The area under the peak on the chromatogram represents the amount of the compound present in the sample.

3. Peak height: The height of the peak on the chromatogram represents the concentration of the compound in the sample.

4. Mass spectrum: GC can be coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to provide additional data on the molecular weight and structure of the compounds in the sample.

5. Identification: GC can be used to identify individual compounds in a mixture based on their retention time and mass spectrum. This information can be compared to a database of known compounds to identify the unknown compounds in the sample.

The conclusion of ink chromatography is that it can be used to separate and analyze different components in a mixture of inks based on their solubility and absorption properties. By comparing the results of ink samples with known standards, one can identify the components present in the inks being tested.