College Degrees

The more correct and relevant answer is as follows

The answer to this question is 2 to 3 years. It depends on the amount of time you can devote to completing a Masters degree in Toxicology. You don't have to have a PhD degree in toxicology to do research or work in industry in the field. Of course, as with most jobs, some organizations tend to be biased toward advancing those who do have PhD's but for toxicology, you can obtain board certification after a number of years of experience (see American Board of Toxicology). Experience means more than a PhD in industry and board certification is proof of that experience.

Medical toxicology does require a medical degree but this is only one branch of toxicology. Clinical toxicology usually requires a degree in Pharmacy or nursing. Each of these separate branches has it's own certifying board separate from the American Board of Toxicology. For medicine it's the ABMT, for clinical it's the ABAT. For forensic toxicology its the SOFT, but for pretty much every other branch of toxicology it's the one mentioned in the first paragraph, the ABT.

Note: the information above is specific for a degree in TOXICOLOGY, not epidemiology which is usually offered by Schools of Public Health. When you apply to a toxicology program, be sure to look closely at the curriculum and ask what the final degree will be..........is it toxicology, or is it epidemiology, or something else entirely. What matters is curriculum. You want to make sure you are taking toxicology courses such as mechanistic tox, organ systems tox, biochemical tox, environmental tox, clinical tox, molecular tox, etc. See the textbook; Casarett and Doull's: The Basic Science of Poisons. This book represents the backbone of the branches of toxicology. Toxicology is not epidemiology though they can be related and there may be some crossover when you are dealing with risk assessment and diseases caused by toxins or toxicants.

If you want a more ambiguous answer.................see the one provided by the person below.

A Ph.D. degree in a biological science is the minimum education required for most prospective medical scientists, except epidemiologists, because the work of medical scientists is almost entirely research oriented. A Ph.D. degree qualifies one to do research on basic life processes or on particular medical problems or diseases and to analyze and interpret the results of experiments on patients. Some medical scientists obtain a medical degree instead of a Ph.D., but may not be licensed physicians because they have not taken the State licensing examination or completed a residency program, typically because they prefer research to clinical practice. Medical scientists who administer drug or gene therapy to human patients, or who otherwise interact medically with patients-drawing blood, excising tissue, or performing other invasive procedures-must be licensed physicians. To be licensed, physicians must graduate from an accredited medical school, pass a licensing examination, and complete 1 to 7 years of graduate medical education. (See physicians and surgeons.) It is particularly helpful for medical scientists to earn both Ph.D. and medical degrees.

Students planning careers as medical scientists should have a bachelor's degree in a biological science. In addition to required courses in chemistry and biology, undergraduates should study allied disciplines, such as mathematics, engineering, physics, and computer science, or courses in their field of interest. Once they have completed undergraduate studies, they can then select a specialty area for their advanced degree, such as cytology, bioinformatics, genomics, or pathology. In addition to formal education, medical scientists usually spend several years in a postdoctoral position before they apply for permanent jobs. Postdoctoral work provides valuable laboratory experience, including experience in specific processes and techniques such as gene splicing, which is transferable to other research projects. In some institutions, the postdoctoral position can lead to a permanent job.

Medical scientists should be able to work independently or as part of a team and be able to communicate clearly and concisely, both orally and in writing. Those in private industry, especially those who aspire to consulting and administrative positions, should possess strong communication skills so that they can provide instruction and advice to physicians and other health care professionals.

The minimum educational requirement for epidemiology is a master's degree from a school of public health. Some jobs require a Ph.D. or medical degree, depending on the work performed. Epidemiologists who work in hospitals and health care centers often must have a medical degree with specific training in infectious diseases. Currently, about 140 infectious disease training programs exist in 42 States. Some employees in research epidemiology positions are required to be licensed physicians because they must administer drugs in clinical trials.

Epidemiologists who perform laboratory tests often require the knowledge and expertise of a licensed physician in order to administer drugs to patients in clinical trials. Epidemiologists who are not physicians frequently work closely with one.

Few students select epidemiology for undergraduate study. Undergraduates, nonetheless, should study biological sciences and should have a solid background in chemistry, mathematics, and computer science. Once a student is prepared for graduate studies, he or she can choose a specialty within epidemiology. For example, those interested in studying environmental epidemiology should focus on environmental coursework, such as water pollution, air pollution, or pesticide use. The core work of environmental studies includes toxicology and molecular biology, and students may continue with advanced coursework in environmental or occupational epidemiology. Other specialty areas that students can pursue include infectious process, infection control precautions, surveillance methodology, and outbreak investigation. Some epidemiologists begin their careers in other health care occupations, such as registered nurse and medical technologist.

The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) offers continuing-education courses and certification programs in infection prevention and control and applied epidemiology. To become certified as an infection control professional, applicants are required by a certified board to pass an examination for a one-time fee. Certification is recommended for those seeking advancement and for those seeking to continually upgrade their knowledge in a rapidly evolving field.

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The following is written by and according to the U.S. Department of Labor and particular to the education and training required for a nurse assistant/aide.

In many cases, a high school diploma or equivalent is necessary for a job as a nursing or psychiatric aide. However, a high school diploma generally is not required for jobs as home health aides. Specific qualifications vary by occupation, State laws, and work setting. Advancement opportunities are limited.

Education and training. Nursing and psychiatric aide training is offered in high schools, vocational-technical centers, some nursing care facilities, and some community colleges. Courses cover body mechanics, nutrition, anatomy and physiology, infection control, communication skills, and resident rights. Personal care skills, such as how to help patients to bathe, eat, and groom themselves, also are taught. Hospitals may require previous experience as a nursing aide or home health aide. Some States also require psychiatric aides to complete a formal training program. However, most psychiatric aides learn their skills on the job from experienced workers.

Home health aides are generally not required to have a high school diploma. They usually are trained on the job by registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, or experienced aides. Also, clients may prefer that tasks are done a certain way, and make those suggestions to the home health aide. A competency evaluation may be required to ensure the aide can perform the required tasks.

Some employers provide classroom instruction for newly hired aides, while others rely exclusively on informal on-the-job instruction by a licensed nurse or an experienced aide. Such training may last from several days to a few months. Aides also may attend lectures, workshops, and in-service training.

Licensure and certification. The Federal Government has guidelines for home health aides whose employers receive reimbursement from Medicare. Federal law requires home health aides to pass a competency test covering a wide range of areas. A home health aide may receive training before taking the competency test. In addition, the National Association for Home Care and Hospice offers voluntary certification for home health aides. Some States also require aides to be licensed.

Similar Federal requirements exist for nurse aides who work in nursing care facilities. These aides must complete a minimum of 75 hours of state-approved training and pass a competency evaluation. Aides who complete the program are known as certified nurse assistants (CNAs) and are placed on the State registry of nurse aides.

Other qualifications. Aides must be in good health. A physical examination, including State-regulated tests such as those for tuberculosis, may be required. A criminal background check also is usually required for employment.

Applicants should be tactful, patient, understanding, emotionally stable, and dependable and should have a desire to help people. They also should be able to work as part of a team, have good communication skills, and be willing to perform repetitive, routine tasks. Home health aides should be honest and discreet because they work in private homes. They also will need access to a car or public transportation to reach patients' homes.

Advancement. Opportunities for advancement within these occupations are limited. Aides generally need additional formal training or education to enter other health occupations. The most common health care occupations for former aides are licensed practical nurse, registered nurse, and medical assistant.

For some individuals, these occupations serve as entry-level jobs. For example, some high school and college students gain experience working in these occupations while attending school. In addition, experience as an aide can help individuals decide whether to pursue a career in health care.

For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (U.S. Department of Labor) indicated directly below this answer section.

Below are some reasons why students fail. If you want to be a successful student, then just do the opposite.

• No vision - Some students do not have a clearly articulated picture of the future they intend to create for themselves. Thus, they may take programs of study without a clear career goal or objective. In essence, they choose the wrong major.
• Lack of passion - Successful students work out of passion, a love for what they want to do, and recognize the importance of the benefit it will bring others as well as themselves. Without passion, study becomes a chore and not a method of achieving clearly defined goals.
• Lack of personal/work/school/family balance - What ever is going on in a student's personal life, will inevitably affect what's going on in school. Whatever is happening in school will affect what's going on in their personal life. A student needs time to be in class, and appropriate time for study. However, there must be time for family, friends, social activities, and time to just be alone. The key is keeping proper balance.
• Lack of taking advantage of student resources - There is really no reason for academic failure. Every college and university has an academic learning center where students can receive peer and faculty tutoring, without charge. Many students fail to seek help.
• Attending the wrong college or university - Some students accept admission into schools they are not familiar with. Thus, they become depressed with their surroundings. Student must be content with their school, its environment, and resources. This, in turn has a negative affect on their studies.
• Lack of maturity and discipline - Some students are just not disciplined and lack good organizational skills. They often fall under the pressure of their peers. Rather than using good discretion, they feel compelled to follow others (socially), when they really should be attending to their studies. Again, lack of appropriate balance.

Yes, you can take more credits than required but only those that are required will be credited to your degree. However, whenever you decide to go to another college or even an on-line school some, if not all, of those extra credits can be transferred which will eliminate from taking other courses that are required.

Yes, I agree with the above. However, make sure those extra credits are not going to overload you where your primary program GPA is sacrificed. Remember, you want to move vertically toward your overall goals and objectives and not horizontally. It's good that you want to expand your base of knowledge, just be careful it does not interfere with your primary program of study.

It can be either depending on the school, department approach to a specific field, and the program of study itself. The bachelor of arts (BA) and the bachelor of science (BS) are general degree types from which many specific programs of study fall. The differences are indicate below.

The Bachelor of Arts degree (BA) has a broader scope, with a strong emphasis on the humanities, theoretical and general knowledge in a recognized discipline, interdisciplinary field, or of a professional study.

The Bachelor of Science degree (BS) is more of a focused approach with a science base to include a balance of liberal arts, technological knowledge, math and computer oriented skills, and practical skills needed for a particular discipline within the field.

if the channel or the medium is ok I mean if there was no noise, then following are the causes

• the context problem, which means the sender and receiver could not understand each other's context-language, culture or other demographic differences
• lack of interest or misunderstanding about the message
• intentions- the intensions are also the source of miscommunication as the sender or receiver may pretend to be irresponsible
• finally the feedback is not effectively communicated i.e, again miscommunication

hope answered the question

ijaz, islamaba

A historian falls under the category of a social scientist. Therefore, the following is written by and according to the U.S. Department of Labor and particular to the education and training required for a social scientist.

The educational attainment of social scientists is among the highest of all occupations, with most positions requiring a master's or Ph.D. degree.

Education and training. Graduates with master's degrees in applied specialties usually are qualified for positions outside of colleges and universities, although requirements vary by field. A Ph.D. degree may be required for higher-level positions. Bachelor's degree holders have limited opportunities and do not qualify for most of the occupations discussed above. A bachelor's degree does, however, provide a suitable background for many different kinds of entry-level jobs in related occupations, such as research assistant, writer, management trainee, or market analyst.

Training in statistics and mathematics is essential for many social scientists Geographers, political scientists, and those in other fields increasingly use mathematical and quantitative research methods. The ability to use computers for research purposes is mandatory in most disciplines. Social scientists also must keep up-to date on the latest technological advances that affect their discipline and research. For example, most geographers use GIS technology extensively, and GIS is also becoming more commonly used by archaeologists, sociologists, and other workers.

Many social science students also benefit from internships or field experience. Numerous local museums, historical societies, government agencies, non-profit and other organizations offer internships or volunteer research opportunities. Archaeological field schools instruct future anthropologists, archaeologists, and historians in how to excavate, record, and interpret historical sites.

Other qualifications. Social scientists need excellent written and oral communication skills to report research findings and to collaborate on research. Successful social scientists also need intellectual curiosity and creativity because they constantly seek new information about people, things, and ideas. The ability to think logically and methodically is also essential to analyze complicated issues, such as the relative merits of various forms of government. Objectivity, an open mind, and systematic work habits are important in all kinds of social science research. Perseverance, too, is often necessary, as when an anthropologist spends years studying artifacts from an ancient civilization before making a final analysis and interpretation.

Advancement. Some social scientists advance to top-level research and administrative positions. Advancement often depends on the number and quality of reports that social scientists publish or their ability to design studies.

Many social scientists choose to teach in their field, often while pursuing their own research. These workers are usually classified as postsecondary teachers. The minimum requirement for most positions in colleges and universities is a Ph.D. degree. Graduates with a master's degree in a social science may qualify for teaching positions in community colleges. Social science graduates with sufficient education courses can qualify for teaching positions in secondary and elementary schools.

For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (U.S. Department of Labor) indicated directly below this answer section.

The following is written by and according to the U.S. Department of Labor and particular to the job outlook for chefs.

Job opportunities for cooks and food preparation workers are expected to be good because of high turnover and the need to replace the workers who leave these occupations. The enjoyment of eating out and a preference for ready-made meals from a growing population will cause employment of these workers to increase, but slower than the average rate for all occupations over the 2008-18 decade.

For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (U.S. Department of Labor) indicated directly below this answer section.

A PhD does not automatically make you the president of a college. That has to be

earned. It is a selection process that is quite exhaustive, by faculty, executive staff, Board of Trustees, and Board of Governors of the college etc. To answer the other part of your question, a PhD typically takes approximately four years beyond completion of the bachelors degree (total, eight years beyond high school).

A PhD does not automatically make you the president of a college. That has to be

earned. It is a selection process that is quite exhaustive, by faculty, executive staff, Board of Trustees, and Board of Governors of the college etc. To answer the other part of your question, a PhD typically takes approximately four years beyond completion of the bachelors degree (total, eight years beyond high school).

A PhD does not automatically make you the president of a college. That has to be

earned. It is a selection process that is quite exhaustive, by faculty, executive staff, Board of Trustees, and Board of Governors of the college etc. To answer the other part of your question, a PhD typically takes approximately four years beyond completion of the bachelors degree (total, eight years beyond high school).

A PhD does not automatically make you the president of a college. That has to be

earned. It is a selection process that is quite exhaustive, by faculty, executive staff, Board of Trustees, and Board of Governors of the college etc. To answer the other part of your question, a PhD typically takes approximately four years beyond completion of the bachelors degree (total, eight years beyond high school).

A PhD does not automatically make you the president of a college. That has to be

earned. It is a selection process that is quite exhaustive, by faculty, executive staff, Board of Trustees, and Board of Governors of the college etc. To answer the other part of your question, a PhD typically takes approximately four years beyond completion of the bachelors degree (total, eight years beyond high school).

A PhD does not automatically make you the president of a college. That has to be

earned. It is a selection process that is quite exhaustive, by faculty, executive staff, Board of Trustees, and Board of Governors of the college etc. To answer the other part of your question, a PhD typically takes approximately four years beyond completion of the bachelors degree (total, eight years beyond high school).

If you referring to the institutions stability, it looks like it's in good shape. It has the preferred regional accreditation by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Therefore the coursework and degree you complete there will be recognized by all other colleges and universities as well as employers. In addition the following.

In March 2008, Capella Education Co., longtime occupant the 225 South Sixth skyscraper in downtown Minneapolis, signed a new lease that expands its offices and will rename the building Capella Tower in March 2009. The building will house all of the company's 1,150 downtown Minneapolis administrative staff. (Wikipedia)

For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (Answers.com) indicated below this answer box.

If you referring to the institutions stability, it looks like it's in good shape. It has the preferred regional accreditation by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Therefore the coursework and degree you complete there will be recognized by all other colleges and universities as well as employers. In addition the following.

In March 2008, Capella Education Co., longtime occupant the 225 South Sixth skyscraper in downtown Minneapolis, signed a new lease that expands its offices and will rename the building Capella Tower in March 2009. The building will house all of the company's 1,150 downtown Minneapolis administrative staff. (Wikipedia)

For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (Answers.com) indicated below this answer box.

If you referring to the institutions stability, it looks like it's in good shape. It has the preferred regional accreditation by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Therefore the coursework and degree you complete there will be recognized by all other colleges and universities as well as employers. In addition the following.

In March 2008, Capella Education Co., longtime occupant the 225 South Sixth skyscraper in downtown Minneapolis, signed a new lease that expands its offices and will rename the building Capella Tower in March 2009. The building will house all of the company's 1,150 downtown Minneapolis administrative staff. (Wikipedia)

For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (Answers.com) indicated below this answer box.

If you referring to the institutions stability, it looks like it's in good shape. It has the preferred regional accreditation by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Therefore the coursework and degree you complete there will be recognized by all other colleges and universities as well as employers. In addition the following.

In March 2008, Capella Education Co., longtime occupant the 225 South Sixth skyscraper in downtown Minneapolis, signed a new lease that expands its offices and will rename the building Capella Tower in March 2009. The building will house all of the company's 1,150 downtown Minneapolis administrative staff. (Wikipedia)

For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (Answers.com) indicated below this answer box.

If you referring to the institutions stability, it looks like it's in good shape. It has the preferred regional accreditation by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Therefore the coursework and degree you complete there will be recognized by all other colleges and universities as well as employers. In addition the following.

In March 2008, Capella Education Co., longtime occupant the 225 South Sixth skyscraper in downtown Minneapolis, signed a new lease that expands its offices and will rename the building Capella Tower in March 2009. The building will house all of the company's 1,150 downtown Minneapolis administrative staff. (Wikipedia)

For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (Answers.com) indicated below this answer box.

If you referring to the institutions stability, it looks like it's in good shape. It has the preferred regional accreditation by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Therefore the coursework and degree you complete there will be recognized by all other colleges and universities as well as employers. In addition the following.

In March 2008, Capella Education Co., longtime occupant the 225 South Sixth skyscraper in downtown Minneapolis, signed a new lease that expands its offices and will rename the building Capella Tower in March 2009. The building will house all of the company's 1,150 downtown Minneapolis administrative staff. (Wikipedia)

For the source and more detailed information concerning your request, click on the related links section (Answers.com) indicated below this answer box.