Computer Networking

We have 4 times C and 2 times V.
Repetition is allowed.
That sums up the possibilities:
C^4*V^2 with C=21 and V=5
= 4,862,025
A fully random 6-letter-password would be almost 64 times stronger.

A team of six students traveled to a mathematics competition by bicycle. On leaving, they distractedly picked up their six helmets at random (each choice of helmet is equally likely). What is the probability that exactly three of the students picked up the correct helmet?
can you explain why? and show the work??

read it:)

802.11 and OSI are two different things. The 802.11 committee is responsible for setting the wireless standards for wireless communication. The OSI model is not a standard at all, but a theoretical model of how communications work and utilizes many standards in that process.

The 802.11 standards are incorporated in the OSI model, at layer 1 and layer 2 of the model.

The protocol that requires unique addressing through software configuration is the Internet Protocol (IP). In computer networking, IP is a set of rules that govern how data packets should be sent, received, and routed across networks. IP enables devices to communicate with each other over a network, such as the Internet.

IP addresses are used to uniquely identify devices on a network. In the case of IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4), IP addresses consist of a 32-bit numerical label written in dotted-decimal format (e.g., 192.168.0.1). Each device on a network must have a unique IP address to ensure proper communication.

IP addressing can be configured manually (static IP addressing) or dynamically assigned by a network protocol called DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). In dynamic addressing, devices on a network can receive their IP addresses automatically from a DHCP server, simplifying the configuration process and avoiding conflicts with manually assigned addresses.

In contrast, other networking protocols, like Ethernet, use hardware addresses known as Media Access Control (MAC) addresses, which are typically assigned to network interface cards by manufacturers and are physically embedded in the hardware. These addresses do not require software configuration and are used at the data link layer of the OSI model.

ADVANTAGES OF GATEWAYS:

- Used to expand the network.

- Gateway is a server so it provides some security.

- We can connect two different types of networks.

- Protocol conversion is done.

- Effectively handles the traffic problems.

- And also establishes connections between internal network and external network.

-

 DISADVANTAGES OF GATEWAY:

- Not an intelligent device. So noise prevention is not done.

- Never filter out the data

- Some what costly

- Protocol conversion is done so transmission rate is slower.

- Some what hard to handle.

Some collaboration tools that are needed for a network administrator include the chat tools so that they can chat with other network members who have a connection issue. They can even have port to port communication so that they can repair a computer remotely.

we can use cygwin

The details vary enormously from protocol to protocol, but the basics are the same for all of them. A stream of data is split into packets, the packet has a header which contains (amongst other things) the destination for the packet. The network uses the destination address to deliver the network to the correct destination.

A network access control system allows organizations to restrict access to resources on their network. Traditionally used by financial institutions, corporations withsystems' usage is now increasing rapidly, thanks to the exponential increase in bring your own device policies and internet of things devices on the network, and the integration of NAC technology into mobile device management, SIEM, next-generation firewalls and threat detection products.

The difference between the two is that a network could be defined as a group of locally connected computers (Eg: Computers connected in an office buliding); whereas, An internetwork is a collection of individual networks, connected by intermediate networking devices, that functions as a single large network

Draw a hybrid topology with a ring backbone and three bus networks.P

Digital Subscriber Line, commonly known as DSL, marked a significant leap in the realm of digital communication when it was introduced. It revolutionized internet connectivity by providing high-speed internet access over conventional telephone lines. Unlike the dial-up connections prevalent before its advent, DSL allowed for simultaneous voice and data transmission over the same telephone line, which was a groundbreaking feature at the time.

The technology behind DSL utilizes the higher frequency bands of the telephone line to transmit digital data, leaving the lower frequency bands for voice communication. This separation of frequency bands is what enables the simultaneous use of internet and telephone services. The inception of DSL was a monumental stride towards making high-speed internet accessible to a broader demographic, leveraging existing telephone infrastructure without the need for additional or specialized wiring.

Various standards within DSL technology cater to different use cases and requirements. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is the most common form, offering higher download speeds compared to upload speeds, which is suitable for typical household usage where downloading data is more prevalent than uploading. In contrast, Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) provides equal upload and download speeds, meeting the demands of businesses and other scenarios where significant amounts of data are transmitted in both directions. Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) is another standard offering even higher data rates over shorter distances, ideal for applications necessitating high bandwidth.

Key components in a DSL network include DSL modems and DSL Access Multiplexers (DSLAMs). The DSL modem, situated at the user's premises, modulates digital data into a format suitable for transmission over the telephone line and demodulates incoming data back into digital format. On the other side, the DSLAM, located at the service provider's central office, aggregates data traffic from multiple DSL connections, routing it to the internet.

Over time, DSL technology has seen significant advancements. Newer standards like ADSL2, ADSL2+, and VDSL2 have emerged, offering enhanced data rates, improved noise tolerance, and better diagnostics. Despite the advent of other broadband technologies like fiber-optic and cable internet, DSL remains a relevant and viable option, especially in regions where these newer technologies aren't available or are too costly to implement.

DSL's legacy is not merely technological; it has a broader societal impact. By enabling high-speed internet access over existing telephone lines, DSL played a crucial role in bridging the digital divide, especially in rural and underdeveloped areas. The ripple effects of DSL's widespread adoption extend to various facets of modern life, including education, healthcare, and economic development, underscoring its pivotal role in fostering global digital connectivity.

It is a gathering of two or more PC frameworks connected together. There are numerous sorts of PC systems, including the accompanying: neighborhood (LANs): The PCs are topographically near one another.

It comprises of the arrangements embraced to forestall and screen approved access, abuse, change of a PC system and system open assets. System security includes the approval of access to information in a system, which is controlled by the system director.

Lightyear Network Solutions provides data, voice and wireless communication services to business and residential customers. The company formed in 1993 in Louisville, Kentucky.

a name you want to have on network

A network of networks which consists of two or more physical networks connected by routers. Unlike a WAN and internetwork may reside in only a single location. Because it contains too many computers or spans too much distance an internetwork cannot fit within the scope of a single LAN.

physical addressing

media access control

the main difference b/w manageable and non-manageable is that manageable switch is having SNMP PROTOCAL through which you can see the port specification, duplex setting, m/c connected to port, traffic etc.

saves time

repetition avoidance

its faster

by carol nyokabi

What types of cables were disconnected?

design issues of layers are basically dealing with protocols and designing for efficiency.also differentiating between interfaces ,services and protocols is essential.in layered architecture function of each layer should be defined.

describe the qulification that make a good candidate

dude looking for the same answer. let me know if u see something mm45220@hotmail.com

"WiMAX is not a technology, but rather a certification mark, or 'stamp of approval' given to equipment that meets certain conformity and interoperability tests for the IEEE 802.16 family of standards. A similar confusion surrounds the term Wi-Fi, which like WiMAX, is a certification mark for equipment based on a different set of IEEE standards from the 802.11 working group for wireless local area networks (WLAN). Neither WiMAX, nor Wi-Fi is a technology but their names have been adopted in popular usage to denote the technologies behind them. This is likely due to the difficulty of using terms like 'IEEE 802.16' in common speech and writing."