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Computer Programming
A category for questions about computer programming and programming languages.
10,506 Questions
When was computer programming invented?
the Analytical Engine - an engine created by Ada Byron (the Lady Lovelace) and a person named Babbage - Ada suggested to Babbage writing a plan for how the engine might calculate Bernoulli numbers. This plan, is now regarded as the first "computer program."
A software language developed by the U.S. Department of Defense was named "Ada" in her honor in 1979
Usually one element at a time. If you want to process all elements of an array, you write a loop.
Usually one element at a time. If you want to process all elements of an array, you write a loop.
Usually one element at a time. If you want to process all elements of an array, you write a loop.
Usually one element at a time. If you want to process all elements of an array, you write a loop.
Write a code to implement the insertion sort?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[5]={5,2,8,9,4};
int i, k,temp;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
for(k=i+1;k<5;k++)
{
if(a[i]>a[k])
{
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[k];
a[k]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("\n sorted list=");
for(k=o;k<5;k++)
printf("%d",a[k]);
}
What are the major branches of artificial intelligence?
Over the years of AI development - The branches including AI as its foundation have bloated a lot but to name 5 of them:
- Learning,Planning and Reasoning in Machines
- Genetic Programming
- Pattern , Object , Character , Voice - Recognition
- Knowledge Representation
- Ontology
The place in a spreadsheet where a row and a column intersect is called a?
A cell. In the periodic table an element fills that cell.
Why machine assembly languages are called low level languages?
Machine Language is the lowest level language other than microcode as it is what the processor itself uses to handle operations. Assembly is low level as it is very close to machine language. Higher level languages have higher levels of abstraction and more structure to them, such as C++. Lower level languages are very operation based.
print means print, f means formatting
or
printf is a output statement function in the C run-time library
example:
printf ("the value of A is %d\n", A);
Where can you download a free turbo c plus plus tutorial?
You can download Turbo C++ from the Embarcadero website for free. Embarcadero now own and develop all CodeGear products previously owned and developed by Borland, including the latest version of C++ Builder.
What is the relationship between compiler interpreter loader and linker?
Compiler - Translates High level language (C, C++ etc.) and generates Object code (machine readable but not directly executable)
Interpreter - Same as compiler but do that interactively (simply saying line by line). Interpreted languages don't usually require a linker, and employ a loading process different from that of a compiled program: the interpreter itself is linked and loaded like a compiled program (and in all probability is a compiled program), but the program interpreted by the interpreter is typically loaded through interpreter-specific means.
Linker - Connects the compiler generated object code with library code to generated independent executable (like in C, you dont write how printf() works, linker add the code for printf() function in your program)
Loader - Load the machine readable codes in memory to be executed. This step typically includes relocating the code output by the linker to a specific memory location into which the program was being loaded.
Algorithm for finding min element in a linked list?
In a linked list, there is no way to find the "min element" or any other element with a specific property except by walking through the entire list. Of course, you could store a pointer to the min element and update that each time the list changes (add ing or deleting an element), which makes the list less generic and a tiny bit slower but is worth it if you need this min element often.
Pseudocode for finding the min element (I'm assuming you're storing values and you want the element with the lowest value):
ptr_minelement = null;
ptr_element = ptr_firstelement;
while (ptr_element != null) {
if (ptr_minelement == null) or (ptr_minelement->value > ptr_element->value)
ptr_minelement = ptr_element;
ptr_element = ptr_element->ptr_next;
}
What is turbo pascal programming language?
Every Pascal program must follow a basic structure. While this structure is very similar to Karel programming, there are several differences. Below is the basic structure that every Pascal program must follow.
PROGRAMProgramName;
VAR VariableName : VariableType; VariableName : VariableType; ...
PROCEDUREProcedureName;
variables here if necessary BEGIN
Some Code;
END;
FUNCTIONFunctionName(variableList): VariableType;
variables here if necessary
BEGINSome Code if necessary; FunctionName := some expression More Code if necessary;
END; ... more functions and procedures if necessary ...
BEGIN the main program block. It should be small and all work should be delegated to the procedures and functions. It often consists of a WHILE loop that calls in turn procedures and functions in the appropriate order. END.
Does the burmata triangle real?
The Bermuda Triangle is a real area of the south Atlantic off the coast of the United States. It has a long history of being responsible for ships and planes disappearing when they pass through it. It is considered myth but things have happened there.
Where linked list is used in computer?
Linked lists are dynamic linear data containers.
They are linear because each item has one adjacent item in each direction (there is a predecessor, or none, and a successor, or none, to each item, but never more than one in each direction).
They are dynamic because the size is not generally fixed and potentially infinite. To manage such a dynamic structure, memory for new items is allocated at runtime, and the different items are connected, or linked, through pointers.
In a single linked list, a single pointer points from one item to the next item.
In a double linked list, one pointer points from one item to the next item, and a second pointer points to the previous item in the list.
What is the highest pay for a computer programmer?
60k 1st year, up to 80k. Depending on what field, employer, and where you work at. 60k 1st year, up to 80k. Depending on what field, employer, and where you work at. 60k 1st year, up to 80k. Depending on what field, employer, and where you work at.
What are example of second generation programming language?
Machine code is first generation. Low-level, machine-dependent, symbolic languages such as assembly language are second generation. All high-level, machine-independent languages are third generation. Fourth and fifth generation don't actually have any meaning since there is no "standard" to define these terms, although they are often used to classify specific types of third-generation languages.
Why you use structure in c language?
Structures are handy if you have a certain set of types of information that will be used repeatedly. For example, a structure called 'address' might consist of the street number, the city, the zip code, the state, and the country. You could then create several instances of this structure, maybe for several employees or something. Each instance would have its own zip code, state, country variable etc.
Remarks in any computing language are so programmers can make comments in the code. The comments only help programmers, and do nothing for the program or the end users. Comments are not code and don't do anything to the program. They are just a way for programmers to make little reminders about what the code does.
Definition of multi-core processor?
A multi-core processor is one which combines what are essentially multiple CPUs into a single chip. As far as the operating system and other software are concerned, it is the same as a dual or quad-cpu computer system, even though the cpus are physically one single unit.
What is a local variable and What statements are able to access a local variable?
A local variable is a variable that can only be called on by the module. Where as a global variable can be called upon by any module. Only statements made inside the same module can call on a local variable.
A software process model is a simplified description of a software process which is
presented from a particular perspective. Models, by their very nature, are
simplifications so a software process model is an abstraction of the actual process
which is being described. Process models may include activities which are part of
the software process, software products and the roles of people involved in software
engineering.
Some examples of the types of software process model which may be
produced are:
1. A workflow model. This shows the sequence of activities in the process
along with their inputs, outputs and dependencies. The activities in this
model represent human actions.
2. A dataflow or activity model This represents the process as a set of activities
each of which carries out some data transformation. It shows how the input
to the process such as a specification is transformed to an output such as a
design. The activities here may be at a lower-level than activities in a
workflow model. They may represent transformations carried out by people
or by computers.
3. A role/action model This represents the roles of the people involved in the
software process and the activities for which they are responsible.
4. Iterative Processes This prescribes the construction of initially small but ever larger portions of a software project to help all those involved to uncover important issues early before problems or faulty assumptions can lead to disaster. Iterative processes are preferred by commercial developers because it allows a potential of reaching the design goals of a customer who does not know how to define what they want.
5. Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is one of the leading models and based on best practice. Independent assessments grade organizations on how well they follow their defined processes, not on the quality of those processes or the software produced. CMMI has replaced CMM.
There are a number of different general models or paradigms of software
development:
1. The waterfall approach This takes the above activities and represents them as
separate process phases such as requirements specification, software design,
implementation, testing and so on. After each stage is defined it is 'signedoff'
and development goes on to the following stage.
2. Evolutionary development This approach interleaves the activities of
specification, development and validation. An initial system is rapidly
developed from very abstract specifications. This is then refined with
customer input to produce a system which satisfies the customer's needs.
The system may then be delivered. Alternatively, it may be re-implemented
using a more structured approach to produce a more robust and maintainable
system.
3. Formal transformation This approach is based on producing a formal
mathematical system specification and transforming this specification, using
mathematical methods to a program. These transformations are 'correctness preserving'.
This means that you can be sure that the developed program
meets its specification.
4. System assembly from reusable components This technique assumes that
parts of the system already exist. The system development process focuses
on integrating these parts rather than developing them from scratch.
Logical operations involve the use of three operators - NOT, AND and OR. NOT simple negates a value.
It uses one operand.
For Example - a) Not True (which means, False as True and False are the only possible values) b) Knowing English AND French (means someone who knows both English AND French) c) Knowing English OR French (means someone who knows either English or French).
Distinguish between flowchart and decision table?
- Simple
- Structured
- Reduces ambignity
- condition and decision relation is clear
- used for control, testing and planning
- useful technique with many application.
Encryption
What value is assigned to extern variable?
Default initial value of extern integral type variable is zero otherwise null.
