Computer Programming

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There are never enough goods and services to satisfy all wants and needs.

Digital

traditional file based approach

the main() function,the#include Directive, the variable definition. function prototype, program statements, the function definition,program comments and braces are the components of program in C++

Decimal 30 = binary 11110. The decimal binary code (BCD), however, is 11 0000.

Ability to carry out repetitive computations accurately and efficiently.

That depends on who programmed it and what heuristics were used.

Some people call an application "artificial intelligence" and it really isn't very intelligent.

Also, AI works for some things and it's completely useless for other applications.

If you can clearly define the decision making parameters, AI works great. Once it starts getting into the "grey" areas of decision making, AI starts falling apart.

There is a variety of code used in ATM machines depending on the specific machine. Most have hardware dependent code or drivers to interact with the device. These are often written in c or lower level assembly code. Particular vendors develop their own proprietary languages.

There is then higher level programming to do with the business logic and networking. These are more likely written in C#, Java or C++, among other more specific languages.

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MS Windows installation packages are executable files (.exe), otherwise known as applications.

Mac OS 10.x installation packages can be packages (.pkg), or applications (.app), and will sometimes be downloaded as disk images (.dmg).

A system flowchart is a physical model that graphically documents the system's discrete physical components (its programs, procedures, files, etc.).

Sequential and random access.

Step 1: Open drivers door and leave open.

Step 2: Lock and unlock the drivers door using the power door lock switch on the door.

Step 3: Insert key into the ignition.

Step 4: Turn key to on position and return to off position. (IMPORTANT - use ON position NOT ACC position). Do this 3 times within 10 seconds. Leave key in the ignition.

Step 5: Open and close the drivers door 3 times. (Door should be left open after this step). *Instead of opening/closing door 3 times, you can press the button in door jam. The car will think you're opening and closing door but much easier!

Step 6: ECU should respond by locking and unlocking the doors.

Step 7: Press any button on remote #1 twice. ECU responds by locking and unlocking the car doors.

Step 8: Press any button on remote #2 twice (etc.) Each time the ECU will respond by locking & unlocking the doors.

Step 9: Remove the key from the ignition and the ECU will respond a final time with a series of door locks and unlocks. You're done!

Since 1985, most processors are "pipelined." What these means is that instead of having the entire processing pathway executing one instruction, the pathway is divided into multiple units. The units pass their intermediate results through the use of registers, saving their results at the end of a cycle to a "pipeline register." At the beginning of the next cycle, the next unit in the datapath will read the result from the pipeline register as its input.

Think of pipelines as an assembly line production system. Originally you employ 5 mechanics to work on a car. While the 1st one works on the chassis, the other four sit and watch. The chassis is then passed onto the 2nd mechanic, who builds the engine while the other four have a rest. This way, you are only having 1 person work at a time while the others wait.

Now you decide to have them all work in parallel. The 1st mechanic produces a chassis, and passes it on to the 2nd mechanic. While the 2nd mechanic works on the works on the engine, the 1st mechanic goes back to building a new chassis, and so on. This way you have effectively increased your output to 5 times within the same period of time, while keeping your resources same and without changing the total time required for a single car to be built.

Processors work the same way. Only in the computing world, this assembly line work is called pipelining. For instance, in the early MIPS microprocessors, there were 8 pipleine stages. The 1st and the 2nd were instruction fetch (get instruction from memory) and instruction decode (decode instruction and get required input values). The 3rd stage was the execution stage, where the results to the computation are actually computed.

Generally, the execution stage is further pipelined to keep clock frequencies high. Now, integers and floating point numbers are stored differently. While an integer if just stored as its binary representation, FP numbers are stored as an integer number with another number that marks where the decimal point is located.

For instance, the number 20 is stored (in binary) as 0001 0100. Whereas, 20.2 might be stored as 202 x 10^(-1). While the 10 part is not stored, the numbers 2021 may be stored, the 1st three for the number, and the last for the exponent.

In order to do arithmetic operations on FP numbers, the first step is to bring them to a common exponent number. This requires an additional step in processing, translating to an additional pipeline stage. Also, integer operations are much more simplified in terms of binary and logic processing, requiring less pipeline stages.

Generally this results in a different number of pipeline stages. In the Pentium 4 processor, integer operations required 11 pipeline stages, while floating point operations required 17 operations. This makes integer operations execute faster and FP operations execute slower.

Hence the difference in the 2 for processor related operations.

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Meta-assembler is a program that accepts the syntactic and semantic description of an assembly language, and generates an assembler for that language.

Structures and unions share the following characteristics: * Their members can be objects of any type, including other structures and unions or arrays. A member can also consist of a bit field. * The only operators valid for use with entire structures and unions are the simple assignment (=) and sizeof operators. In particular, structures and unions cannot appear as operands of the equality ( == ), inequality (!=), or cast operators. The two structures or unions in the assignment must have the same members and member types. * A structure or a union can be passed by value to functions and returned by value by functions. The argument must have the same type as the function parameter. A structure or union is passed by value just like a scalar variable; that is, the entire structure or union is copied into the corresponding parameter. similarity is all three are user defined data types.

'n' can be an identifier, '1' is a digit

an algorithm that is composed for creating music, investigating particular aspect of music, representing music in specific readable form (notation), deriving a new composition from the existing one, based on music theory and/or common practice

First of all it's not FORTRAM it's FORTRAN.

And This Programming language was developed in year 1957 by IBM in California for scientific and engineering applications.

When sequentially searching n items, the best-case is O(1) and the worst-case is O(n). But when the items are sorted, binary search will improve efficiency. The best case is still O(1), but worst case drops to O(log n) where log n is the binary logarithm of n.

Binary search starts with the middle element of the set. If the set is empty, the item we're looking for does not exist but if the middle element is the item we are looking for then we are done. If not, a simple comparison will tell us in which half of the set to discard (including the middle element). We repeat the process with the remaining half. If there are no elements remaining, the item does not exist.