Cosmology

There is no opposite of dark energy in the sense that there exists something that is the exact opposite of dark energy. Dark energy speeds the rate of expansion of space, even empty space, and gravity, mass, or matter causes the opposite in that it causes a decrease in the rate of expansion of space in areas that have matter.

If the big bang theory is correct then the Big Bang is important because that is the moment the universe is created. The fundamental importance of the theory is that it is a theory. This means that it is possible to search for information that either supports or refutes it. It is even possible to getsome of this information. If it turns out that this theory is not true, then the exciting and creative search for new theories will kick in.

Stars and galaxies in the universe are moving away from one another in a manner similar to the way in which raisins in a ball of dough are moving away from one another.

The regular hold has been discontinued, not sure why but it is virtually impossible to find anymore.

There are many people who believe that an astral plane exists. This has not been scientifically proven.

The Universe was never smaller than an atom.

They originate from nuclear reactions, such as those that take place in a star, when cosmic rays hit atoms and in supernovae.

The history of the Big Bang theory began with the Big Bang's development from observations and theoretical considerations. Much of the theoretical work in cosmology now involves extensions and refinements to the basic Big Bang model.

A positron is the antiparticle of an electron; in other words, it is an alternate name for the "anti-electron". Therefore, a positron would anihilate with an electron.

I am not sure about the "why".

Spiral galaxies

If there is such a thing as a parallel universe, and if it's not already

located near and parallel to our universe, and if it's located in some

other place, and if our universe and the parallel one are moving toward

each other, and if there's such a thing as them meeting each other, then

nobody has any idea what would happen in that event.

The magnetic field of Earth is the reason why humans are still around today. It plays the role of attracting the cosmic rays, such as a solar flare for example, and deflects off the surface of the atmosphere. Hence why we have such thing as the aurora borealis or 'Northern Lights'. It shows that activity that the magnetic field is having with the cosmic ray. If we did not have our magnetic field, Earth would have been scorched by a solar flare a long time ago.

What is known as the Big Bang Theory is the currently recognized model of how the universe began.

There was no reason for the world to end. There was no catalyst. The world will not end without some catastrophic natural event big enough to end it.

4,647,790,363,300 miles.

They're both theoretical constructs and neither has actually been detected, measured, nor "seen".

Depends what you mean by "robust."

If you mean, "Are there any experimental observations that support or rule out string theory or any of its alternatives?", the answer is, "No -- an we can't even conceive of any way of doing so." It's not just a matter of building an accelerator ten times larger than CERN, or even a a million times larger than CERN -- an accelerator to test String Theory would have to be 10^14 times larger.

If you mean, "Is the mathematics of M-theory (a subset of the string theory paradigm) internally self-consistent?", the answer is "Yes."

If you mean, "Does M-theory unite gravity with quantum mechanics, a task no other hypothesis has been able to do?", the answer is "Yes."

If you mean, "Does M-theory predict a universe that is exactly like ours?", the answer is "Yes, but it also predicts 10^500 OTHER universes." In other words, if you assume that the math of M-theory correctly describes where we happen to exist, then you can end up not only with our Universe but just about any universe you could imagine -- and a few you COULDN'T imagine.

It may turn out that either (1) a future mathematician will be able to show that the math of M-theory predicts ONLY our Universe, or (2) maybe there really ARE 10^500 universe in our cosmos, and we just happen to be living in one of the few where intelligent life could exist.

Or we may find a way to experimentally test string theory and find it either verified or refuted.

At this point, we just don't know.

by using the position on the sky and the redshift to determine a distance along the line of sight

The theory of extra dimensions, infinite universes, the theory where the Big Bang occurred when a membrane of a different dimension crashed into our membrane, gravitons, the theory that gravity seems weakest because gravitons, (open superstrings) can leak through other dimensions and universes. But the problem was that there were 6 theories, but later they found out that the 6 theories were 6 different point of view of the real theory of everything: M-Theory

Nobody knows yet. Stay tuned.

No scientist has yet to figure out a successful way of gathering dark matter as of yet. Maybe in future time it will come. But i have been getting up some thought as of lately. Please forgive me if i sound stupid i have'nt really put tons of thought into it really(and it kind of goes of track), but if 70% of the universe is dark matter, I've recently watched a video with Machio Kaku, talking about warp drive and how they will have to bend the space time continuum to even get to other planets or universes. You will need either nuclear fusion or the capability to burn or use dark matter, and i thought to myself what if you could create a generator that could suck in space or the possible dark matter around it. Know im not a physicists or anything and this my sound like the rambling of an idiot but, Think about it, if there is dark matter all around space and people and the power of fusing atoms to get infinite amount of energy whichh could allow them to bend space why not have something that could gather or trap that bend space that hold dark matter and use it for energy. But even if i made sense that could cause problems huh. That would most likely leave a tare in that space and who knows what could happen. But this is just something that im just throwing out their from my mind lol.

So far we aren't sure. In general, dark matter is a form of matter we cannot directly observe; its existence can only be inferred through gravitational interaction with baryonic "light" matter.

Basically, Dark matter is stuff we can not see or detect but we think must be there. Because we can not see it capture it or even detect it, we do not know what is or consists of. However, we know enough about the universe to know that dark matter must consist of the same fine matter that atoms are made of.

Dark Matter is the name scientists give to the "stuff" that we believe must be part of the known universe. Scientists can however observe and measure the affects of dark matter.

Hear is how it works: We know that all objects made of matter generate gravity, like the sun the earth and the moon. Even a single person generates a small amount of gravity. The amount of gravity a planet or star produces is directly related to its mass, which is another way of saying or how much matter it is made of. The amount of gravity an object produces causes a very predictable orbit and speed. Sir Isac Newton gave us the exact mathematical formula for calculating how much mass an object in space has by measuring is orbit and speed.

Here is the discovery: When scientists look through telescopes at distant galaxies as well as looking at our own galaxy they now have the ability to mostly add up the stars planets dust and the stuff we call normal matter. We should then be able to return to our telescopes and measure normal speeds at which the galaxies are spinning. What scientists discovered is that all the galaxies are spinning much much faster than expected. And they are not flying apart. Something is generating the extra gravity that is holding the galaxies together. For now because we we cannot see it, and light does not reflect off it, nor can we catch it or touch it, we call it DARK MATTER! Scientists believe it is mixed in with our own galaxy, and it makes up 95% of the known matter in the universe.

Black Holes are another example of this type of thinking. We can not see or observe black holes because light can not escape them. One of the only reasons we know that they are there is because large stars spin around very powerful centers of enormous gravity only to be sucked in never to escape. We can not see black holes, but we can identify that a very large amount of mass is there by its affects on other objects.

Dark matter helps explain the large-scale structures of the Universe such as superclusters and voids and why they exist.

Dark matter is necessary for many mathematical equations to balance. If there is no such thing as dark matter, then many scientific theories do not make sense. Some scientists believe that dark matter exists everywhere, though it is not visible it is coexisting in dimensions all around us that we can not experience. In these discussions, there is a narrow line between Science and Belief.

Answer2.

"Dark Matter" is a missing actor in a Gravitational Play. Maybe we are observing an Electromagnetic Play, an Homopolar Motor!

Maybe, nature uses Electromagnetism not Gravity to control the galactic stars motions.

The energy E=mcV is the solution for the "Missing Matter " problem,. mcV is the energy providing the speed of stars in the galaxy.. The velocity is V = E/mc. This derives from the Electric Model of the galaxy, a homopolar Motor, , where the galaxy rotates as current comes in on the edge and Jets out of the center. Charged stars rotating create a B magnetic field perpendicular to the galaxy. In effect there is a mass spectrometer for stars.

The equation is the Lorentz force F=qVxB = mv2/r giving velocity v= qrB/m = qruI/rm =quI/m=qzI/mc=E/mc!

The velocity is independent of the radius r and dependent on the current I and the ratio q/m of the stars.

The vector energy E=mcV is the "Dark Matter" of the Missing Matter in the galaxies and the "Dark Energy" of Gravitational Theory.

COSMOLOGY is the discipline that deals with the nature of the Universe as a whole...

whereas

COSMOGRAPHY is the science that deals with universe describing both heaven & earth..

No. The "Big Bang" is believed to have resulted in the creation of our universe, 13.7 billion years ago. Life is obviously much more recent, as the Earth on which we live is only about four and a half billion years old.

Nicolaus Copernicus

The above answer is incorrect. Copernicus only proved what Aristarchus already discovered, however at that time people rejected his theory since Aristotle was more popular in terms of science than he was.

"He presented the first known heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe...The heliocentric theory was successfully revived nearly 1800 years later by Copernicus"

Aristarchus is the correct answer

Good question by the way. Well, since the universe is infinite and if the big bang happened just once in infinity, then it has the ability to happen an infinite number of times. Which is why I dont suscribe to the theory. == Possibly. Right after the Big Crunch.