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Electronics Engineering
Electronics Engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with practical applications of electronic components, devices, systems, or equipment. Electronics are devices that operate on low voltage sources, as in electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and printed circuit boards and use electricity as part of its driving force.
24,372 Questions
How the servo potentiometer works?
A potentiometer is another name for a variable resister used for voltage dividing. Potentiometers have three tabs on them The two outer most tabs have the full resistance of the device across them. The center tab is connected to the wiper that slides across the surface of the resister. A voltage is applied to the two outside tabs on the potentiometer. A voltage of your choosing will appear across either the left tab to the center wiper tab or from the right tab and the center wiper tab. A potentiometer of this type is used to control the speed output of variable frequency drives. A 10K potentiometer has 10VDC applied across the two outside tabs If the drive sees the full 10 volts it allows the drive to go to full output and the motor will run at full speed. With the potentiometer's center tab wiper at half position a voltage of 5 VDC will appear to the drive. When the drive sees the 5 volts it tells the drive to go to half speed output and the motor will run at half speed. This potentiometer is linear so no matter where the wiper is positioned, the motor speed will follow the potentiometer settings from 1% right up to 100%
4 volts and how many amps? Watts = amps x volts. It depends on the amount of current (in Amps) flowing at 4 Volts...
See Ohms Law: Watts = Volts x Amps
If you have 2 Amps flowing at 4 Volts you are dissipating/consuming 8 Watts.
If you have 10 Amps flowing at 4 Volts you are dissipating/consuming 40 Watts.
What are electrodes called in a MOSFET transistor?
The terminals on a MOSFET are called the "Source", "Drain", and "Gate". Just as with a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) the direction of current flow will be based on the doping configuration of the semiconductor. In a MOSFET, the doping configuration can be either n-channel or p-channel, but with MOSFETS, they also come in a "normally on" or "normally off" configuration, which is specified by being either "depletion mode" or "enhancement mode", respectively.
Ohms law states that E=I * R, or voltage equals current times resistance. Therefore current equals voltage divided by resistance. 120v divided by 16 ohms equals 7.5 amps.
Why must you make current flow through the meter in order to measure it?
You don't.
...unless you want to directly measure the current in a circuit branch. That's the purpose of an ammeter.
You can also use a volt meter if you know the resistance of a resistor in that branch to determine current (assuming DC circuit here) - current = voltage / resistance. This may be more useful for circuitry that is on a breadboard, since inserting an ammeter may not be practical.
What is the function of a coupling capacitor?
A coupling capacitor is used to block the flow of direct current while allowing alternating or signal currents to pass, hence mainly used for joining two stages in radio and amplifier circuits.
Also known as blocking capacitor or stopping capacitor. They are also used in substations within a "wave trap" where communication is done by a.c. power line and any d.c. signals need to be attenuated or blocked.
Can you connect a 2-wire DSL wireless modem router to a cable modem?
This question can be understood with more than one meaning.
One meaning is that of a user that desires to connect an access point to retransmit internet from their cable modem to extend the bandwidth provided by their Cable ISP wireless to one or more users. For this, one must first check the acceptable use policy of the company which is providing the cable router. The hookup is quite straightforward. Setup the cable modem to deliver a static IP to the wireless router. Let the wireless router reassign IPs to the end users. If servers are to be parked behind the wireless router, then more engineering is required, which will not be covered here in this response. (Please ask another question regarding configuring servers behind cable modems.)
There are wireless router / gateway devices that you can hool up to a cable modem to provide auto failoever and auto failback during cable internet outages. One such device is the Nexus Hawk www.nexushawk.com. This wireless router device is inserted between the cable modem and the user network. The wireless router then provides internet access during intermitent outages. There are a few such products advertising this feature, but to date I have only seen the Nexus Hawk in use. I invite others to write of other products they have seen working in the field. This question can be understood with more than one meaning.
One meaning is that of a user that desires to connect an access point to retransmit internet from their cable modem to extend the bandwidth provided by their Cable ISP wireless to one or more users. For this, one must first check the acceptable use policy of the company which is providing the cable router. The hookup is quite straightforward. Setup the cable modem to deliver a static IP to the wireless router. Let the wireless router reassign IPs to the end users. If servers are to be parked behind the wireless router, then more engineering is required, which will not be covered here in this response. (Please ask another question regarding configuring servers behind cable modems.)
There are wireless router / gateway devices that you can hool up to a cable modem to provide auto failoever and auto failback during cable internet outages. One such device is the Nexus Hawk www.nexushawk.com. This wireless router device is inserted between the cable modem and the user network. The wireless router then provides internet access during intermitent outages. There are a few such products advertising this feature, but to date I have only seen the Nexus Hawk in use. I invite others to write of other products they have seen working in the field.
What are the Elements of optical fiber communication link?
If light meets the inner surface of the cladding (the core - cladding interface) at greater than or equal to Qc then TIR occurs. So all the energy in the ray of light is reflected back into the core and none escapes into the cladding. The ray then crosses to the other side of the core and, because the fiber is more or less straight , the ray will meet the cladding on the other side at an angle which again causes TIR. The ray is then reflected back across the core again and the same thing happens. In this way the light zig zags its way along the fiber. This means that the light will be transmitted to the end of the fiber.
In reality the light which enters the fiber is a focused beam, consisting of many millions of "rays" behaving in a similar way. They all zig zag along the core of the fiber, crossing over each other, and filling up the core with light. A pulse of light traveling along the core of the fiber is really a bundle of these rays.
What is the unit of measurement for electrical flow rate?
That would be the current. The international unit for electrical current is the Ampere.
Spelt ampere (with a lower case "a"). The abbreviation is given the upper case "A".
A rectifier, typically called a diode. It stops reverse current flow and only allows current to flow in one direction. 4 diodes are used for what is called "Full wave rectification". Along with a capacitor and a choke (or coil), almost pure DC can be achieved.
Can a 110 volt appiance work on a 220 volt circuit?
It depends. If they are multiple voltage 110-220v appliances (such as most computer power supplies are) they obviously can be, taking special care to check if a switch has to be flipped to use the other voltage. If they are 220v-only devices, you need some sort of a converter to use them. That can be for instance a 110v/220v transformer, but if WILL be bulky and heavy as hell, and available for relatively small power only. Or you might use an electronic 110v/220v power converter, if you can find one, which might be considerably lighter and possibly available for higher power, but it probably won't be that cheap either. If the appliance is a fairly generic one, buying a new 110v model is probably the easiest and cheapest way to do it. It should be noted that a lightbulb- or heating-element-type appliance should still work with the smaller voltage, just weaker, as opposed to the reverse situation of supplying 220v to a 110v device, which would certainly burn out. It is however rather pointless to try to do it, and HIGHLY NOT RECOMMENDED.
A complete circuit is where a current can flow without any leaks.
Why is a parallel circuit easier to repair than a series circuit?
A series circuit is like the old string of Christmas Tree lights. If any bulb burns out none of the others light because the circuit is now open. The same would happen if you used series wiring in a house. Another draw back is the number of devices in series governs how much voltage would be across each device.
When a switch is on is a circuit open or closed?
If the switch is what is keeping the load from turning on, then yes, there is a voltage across the open switch.
Why we want to improve the power factor?
The best way to improve power factor is by adding capacitors. Low power factor is due to reactive loads (motors, pumps, etc.) that are connected to your electrical system.
ADDITION
The best way to improve power factor in the case of motors is to use a motor drive, like a Variable Frequency Drive. These drives allow very precise control over a motor, unlike the very sudden, jerky starting and stopping across the line seen when using a motor starter. They eliminate the huge inrush current required to start motors that causes low PF.
Answer:1) Power factor can be calculated by connecting an energy meter [P] (voltage coil in parallel & current coil in series with the load), a voltmeter [V] across load and an ammeter [A] in series with the load. Measure P, V & I.
Since, Active Power (P) = V.I.Cosϕ
power factor = Cosϕ = P/VI
2) Power factor is usually (industrially) improved by connecting a shunt (parallel) capacitor bank at feeding end.
How it works??
Inductive loads contain both inductors and resistors. But due to phasor difference of coils and caps when voltage is applied across both, the two currents results in a smaller net current finally. So now the angle (ϕ) between the voltage phasor and current phasor is lessened. When ϕ is reduced, Cosϕ is risen resulting in a higher power factor.
In a series circuit the is the same at every point?
In a series circuit, components (such as resistors, bulbs, or other devices) are connected end-to-end so that there is only one path for the current to flow. Because there is only one pathway for the current, the same current passes through each component in the circuit.
This principle is derived from the conservation of electric charge. Since charge cannot accumulate or disappear in a closed circuit, the current that enters a component must be equal to the current that exits that component. In other words, the flow of current is continuous and consistent throughout the series circuit.
Mathematically, this can be expressed as:
I_total = I_1 = I_2 = I_3 = ... = I_n
Where:
I_total is the total current entering the series circuit.
I_1, I_2, I_3, ..., I_n are the currents through each individual component in the circuit.
It's important to note that while the current remains the same throughout a series circuit, the voltage (potential difference) across each component can vary depending on its resistance or impedance, according to Ohm's Law (V = I * R).
Georg Simon Ohm was a German physicist and mathematician who is best known for formulating Ohm's law, which states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them
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What are the inputs to an op amp?
Power Supply Pins: Op-amps require power to operate. They have positive and negative power supply pins (+V and -V) that provide the necessary power levels for the op-amp to function.
Output Pin: The output pin provides the amplified or manipulated signal based on the inputs. It's where the result of the op-amp's operation is obtained.
Offset Null or Offset Adjustment Pins: Some op-amps have offset null pins that can be used to adjust the output offset voltage. This is useful for minimizing any unwanted voltage offset in the output.
Frequency Compensation Pins: In some op-amps, additional pins are used for frequency compensation to ensure stable operation in high-frequency applications.
Balance or Trim Pins: These pins are used in op-amps that are intended to be used in bridge or differential amplifier configurations, where precise balance between inputs is necessary.
What were the two main problems caused by using the valves on the Colossus computer?
Probably rate of burnout and heat. But this was common to all vacuum tube computers, not just Colossus.
How much did he first desktop computer cost?
The first computers had no fixed selling price. They were usually built on cost plus fixed fee contracts, because the people making them could not guess at final cost to build them.
For example the ENIAC was estimated at $50,000 when the Army signed the cost plus contract. The Army eventually payed a bit more than $500,000.
The UNIVAC I original fixed price contracts were for $250,000 but when the machine went into production its actual price was $2,500,000. Remington Rand lost lots of money on the first two UNIVAC's sold as the company had to pay the difference between cost to build and what the customer payed!
Why you use silicon chips in computers?
why we use silicon chips in computers?
- Silicon is cheap, it comes from sand.
- Silicon has a very wide operating junction temperature range (-55C to +150C).
- Silicon is very easy to process to make transistors and ICs.
- Silicon dioxide is an insulator, no other semiconductor has a solid insulating oxide.
- When circuits are built on a silicon chip they are either analog or digital building block circuits.
- The digital building blocks naturally build computers (especially now that we have building blocks as large as whole multi-core CPUs, etc.).
Before semi-conductors were used in computers, they had to use vacuum tubes which cost a lot, took up a lot of space, burned out quickly and so were unreliable, and used a lot of electricity. We could not have the modern computer without chips.
they are;small,compact and portable.
Silicon is the easiest elemental semiconductor currently usable to make ICs with. One of its most important properties is its oxide and nitride are insoluble solid insulators, this is not true for either germanium or carbon the other elemental semiconductors. Also silicon has a good operating temperature range (junction temperature up to 150C), germanium has much lower range and although carbon (as diamond) has much higher range (junction temperature up to 600C) it is too brittle for current process machines. All other semiconductors are alloys and are tricker and more expensive to process than elemental ones. Most important silicon is almost free, it can be extracted from any sand, the parent rock of sand, and of course sandstone which is made of sand.
What advantage over vacuum tubes did transistors represent in computer design?
From an audio amplifier standpoint, transistors were primarily low-voltage, high current devices. Since loudspeakers were typically low-impedance, the transistorized circuit didn't require a transformer to help match the impedance; i.e. they were better matched. However, when a transistor "saturated" it "clips" abruptly, causing harmonics at the output. Vacuum tubes tended to "soft clip' which reduced the undesirable harmonics.
From another standpoint, transistors were smaller in size, didn't require high voltage power supplies, and dissipated less heat (i.e. more efficient).
Analog computers are also called continuous computers, as there are no discontinuities in their computations. A mechanical analog computer might represent variables by rotation rate of shafts, any given shaft can rotate at any speed and will smoothly accelerate or decelerate its rotation as the calculation proceeds. An electronic analog computer might represent variables by voltages, say any voltage between -20VDC and +20VDC with voltages smoothly varying as the calculation proceeds.
- Bush differential analyzer at MIT, electromechanical, 1929.
- Norden bombsight, electromechanical, 1930s through 1960s (used in WW2, Korea, and Vietnam!).
- Various commercial electronic differential analyzers sold from 1950s through 1970s, electronic.
- Murray/Walker simultaneous equation solver, electronic, 1949.
- Vacuum operated cruise control in cars, mechanical/pneumatic.
- Resistor/capacitor 3D mesh water table models, electronic.
- etc.
Digital computers on the other hand have discontinuous states that they jump from one to another.
- ABC: Atanasoff-Berry Computer, simultaneous equation solver, 1942
- ENIAC, late 1945
- UNIVAC I
- IBM 700 and 7000 series
- DEC VAX
- Desktops and laptops
- Both of the computers in your cellphone
- etc.
Hybrid computers are simply computer systems that combine both analog and digital computers together. Usually the digital computer controls the analog computer, reconfiguring it and entering new data each time the analog computer completes one problem, to have it solve a different one.
- Most were custom "one off" systems built by individual labs or universities by buying a standard COTS digital computer and a standard COTS electronic analog computer, and customizing them to work together as needed.
- One example of such a machine used a DEC minicomputer and an analog computer to model heat flow from a nuclear reactor fuel rod to circulating coolant. The analog computer was programmed on its plugboard to do a rapid solution through a single radial slice of the system, the digital computer was programmed to enter new parameters into the analog computer for each slice starting at the coolant entrance end of the fuel rod and collect and record the results of each slice. The machine could solve the problem to adequate accuracy much faster and more cheaply than an all digital system or all analog system of the time period.
Why the first-generation of computer use vacuum tubes?
- The first digital computer that used vacuum tubes was the ABC, completed in 1942 by Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in Ames, IA.
- An early analog computer that used vacuum tubes was the Differential Analyzer, completed in 1929 by Vannevar Bush and a large team at MIT. (there probably were other smaller analog computers of this type that used vacuum tubes before this, so it probably isn't the first but its the earliest where I can find it clearly documented).
