Electronics Engineering

Conventional LEDs are made from a variety of semiconductor materials, and radiate at different wavelengths all the way from infrared to ultraviolet. Their forward voltage drops range from about 1 volt to 6 volts, depending on the materials used. Any bias greater than the diode's forward voltage drop illuminates the device.

Parallel, of course. Each light has to receive the full voltage - 110 or 220 Volts, depending on the region. Also, if you disconnect one light, the others should continue working. This wouldn't be the case with a series circuit.

All metals conduct electricity.

All metals conduct electricity.

All metals conduct electricity.

All metals conduct electricity.

When you add an additional resistor in parallel, there are additional paths which the current can take - making it easier for the current to go from one side to the other.

2 input and 1 output

where else it would go through.....

the current entering the first resistor must pass through the next preceding resistors in order to reach the positive/+ve potential so as to complete the circuit.

Current flow is the actual flow of electrons so it goes from the ground (negative most point) to th emost positive point. lectrons are a negatve charged unit so they travel towards the positive point.

to protect the source from overloading a switch can be opened as a circuit breaker, fuse, overload protection schemes

This is because the resistance is measured by applying a fixed voltage to the resistor and measuring the current. Since I = V/R, the current/resistance relation is non-linear.

pneumatics are used only in low power applications

hydraulics are used in medium to high power applications.

To limit the current through the lamp when the gas ionises and conducts.

There is insufficient information in the question to properly answer it. You need to specify, also, the voltage, in order to determine resistance from current. Please restate the question.

Ohm's Law: Resistance = voltage divided by current.

What is the cause of reverse recovery time in a pn junction diode

from the magnet`s neutal lines to its poles.

This is not correct. The path Magnetic Force Travels is always from it's North Pole around the Magnet to it's South Pole with completes the Magnetic Circuit. Then back through the magnet through the neuatral line back to its North Pole and starts again.

how can u tell if the rectifier is bad on a 2001 suzuki intruder 1500lc

Resistors in series add resistance to an electrical circuit. For instance two 1 ohm resistors in series will have 2 ohms of resistance.

Resistors in parallel divide the resistance between them. Thus two 2 ohm resistors in parallel will have 1 ohms total resistance.

resistors of different sizes work the same way. a 4 ohm and 2 ohm resistor in series have 6 ohms resistance. While in parallel they will have .75 ohm resistance.

resistance formulas:

series: Req = r1+r2+r3....+rx

parallel: Req = 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3 ..... +1/rx

The generator on a ship is used to create power to run many things. On large ships like a cruise ship, the generators allow power to everything from televisions to the casino machines.

You can estimate capacitor value in a rectifier circuit by considering what your maximum ripple voltage and frequency is, and assuming that the input AC is actually a pulse train.

Lets look at frequency first. In a 60 Hz application, there is 16.7 ms between charge pulses in half wave mode, or 8.3 ms in full wave mode.

Now look at ripple voltage. Lets say you have a regulator that will tolerate a ripple voltage of 3 volts. Divide that by the period, 16.7 ms or 8.3 ms, and you get 180 v/s or 361 v/s.

Now, consider your load. Lets say you have a 4 amp supply. Go back to the equation of a capacitor,

dv/dt = i/c

and plug in what you know...

180 v/s = 4/c

and solve for c...

c = 0.0222 farads, or 22,200 microfarads.

You need half of that in the full wave application.

Now, that is an estimate. Since the input AC is sinusoidal, instead of pulse, the actual time between charge pulses is less that 16.7 ms or 8.3 ms, so this calculation is conservative.

One thing you do have to consider for large electrolytic capacitors is that they have a limit on current, usually specified as an RMS current value. You need to go back and figure out what that is, based on the fact that the charge/discharge curve is actually sawtooth, not sinusoidal, and figure that out so you don't overload the capacitor. I will leave that to you as a separate exercise.

1. It is used for the performance of many digital operations such as counting and storing binary information. 2. It is also used in the generation and processing of pulse-type waveforms.
An astable multivibrator [also known as an oscillator] is a circuit built so that it does not come to rest in one single state but switches between them continuously.

A: Most op amp feature a 90 Db noise ratio rejection. For a 741c it varies from 70 to 90 Db ideally the bigger the number the better.

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• Si can be fabricated into ICs inexpensively, Ge cannot.
• Si maximum junction operating temperature is 150C, Ge is only 70C.
• Si is as cheap and plentiful as sand, Ge is more expensive and rarer.
• etc.