Electronics Engineering

Consider ideal diode to be connected in series with resistor of 6k
Silicon diode forward bias voltage = 0.7 volts
Current across 6k resistor = (5-0.7)/6000 amperes
Voltage across {resistor + diode}=4.3 + 0.7=5v


If silicon internal resistance is 6k then voltage across diode=5v
If external resistance is 6k and diode resistance is negligible then voltage across diode=0.7v

Amps are a measure of current flow in an electrical circuit and represent the physical number of electrons passing a point in a circuit per second. 1 Amp of current flowing in a circuit means that every second 6.242 x 10e18 electrons goes past a point on the circuit.

Volts are a measure of how much energy each electron has with reference to another point. A voltage is a difference in energy and has no meaning without a reference point. 1 Volt means that for every 6.022 x 10e23 electrons, there is one joule of electrical energy.

Ohms are units of resistance, how much opposition the conductor provides to the current. Resistance is related to the phyiscal size of the conductor.

These three units relate to each other in Ohm's Law: Voltage = Current x Resistance because if there is more opposition to the current, there needs to be more energy to make it flow.

A common illustraiton of an electrical circuit is a water pipe: Amps is how fast the water is flowing, Voltage between two points is the pressure difference and Ohms describe how big the pipe is and if there is any obstruction inside it.

Some capacitors are polarity sensitive; some are not. It depends on the design. Electrolytic capacitors, for instance, are polarity sensitive, while ceramic disc capacitors are not. You can generally tell, if the capacitor is marked with polarity signs, such as + and -, if it is or not.

An inverter design and components vary with requirements but following components are most commonly used in designing an inverter.

1.microcontroller:Microcontroller is the main and integral part of an inverter. The main working of microcontroller is to control the switching of signals according to the requirements.

2.Bipolar Junction Transistor:BJT or a bipolar junction transistor is a three layered device which is capable of controlling the current flow.

3.Mosfets:The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistor (MOSFET) is a voltage controlled device and requires a very small input current.It is mainly used for switching of electronic signals as its switching speed is very high.

4.Filters:At times it is desirable to have circuits capable of selectively filtering one frequency or range of frequencies out of a mix of different frequencies in a circuit.

This IC is mainly used in Inverter circuits. It's very compact and has a very high life in inverter circuits.

Any system you design will have an input and an output. The output will connect to the input of another system which will load it, so when you are designing any system you have to consider how loading it will effect the circuit performance.

FM provides noise immunity, whereas AM is easily affected by noise.

With FM, the amplitude of the sound is converted into a shift in frequency. So the volume is limited by the bandwidth, but the frequency of the sound can vary as much as it likes, giving a higher fidelity sound.

Spikes induced on the signal usually affect the amplitude of the signal. The amplitude of an FM signal is not used in the demodulation process and is therefore immune to spikes in the signal.

AM was first used in radio because it is very easy to achieve using basic components. A single rectifier only, is needed to recover the audio.

FM is quite a complicated process and could only be achieved once electronics had progressed.

There are 142 light sources. The types of light forms are Natural which are Celestial and atmospheric light, terrestrial, and nuclear or high energy related. Other categories are direct chemical, electric powered, electron stimulated, incandescent lamps, electroluminescent lamps, gas discharged lamps, high intensity discharge, laser, combustion, nuclear, and others.

Passive components are components that don't require power being applied in order for them to work. A transformer would be considered an active component because it requires power to operate, while a capacitor, resistor and similar items are considered passive, and many perform multiple functions. For instance, a capacitor will pass AC while storing DC, a resistor can be used to limit voltage or current, etc.

when the DC current flows through the capacitor .the leakage of the charges is in capacitor called Dc leakage capacitor .

The feasible means of converting raw inputs like steel, labor, and machinery into outputs are summarized by production processes or production functions. These functions outline the relationship between inputs and the quantity of output produced, indicating how efficiently resources are utilized. They often consider factors such as technology, scale of production, and the specific combination of inputs to achieve optimal results. Ultimately, effective management of these inputs leads to increased productivity and economic efficiency.

The best way to answer this question might be to consider the consequences if the input impedance was low: with a low input impedance, (signifficant) current would start flowing, and the amplifier would draw energy from the signal sources. None of the typical signal sources is designed to deliver energy on its outputs (after all, this is where the amplifier itself comes in). It is certainly possible to think that some of these sources might be changed to deliver some energy, but this is not the case with present-time tuners, CD players, microphones, and so forth. Assuming that the energy supply was not the issue, just to ponder this theoretical scenario a little further, the fact that current would flow from the source to the amplifier would also make the signal more vulnerable to the characteristics of the cable that connects the two. The high impedance of an amplifier input draws no energy, thereby avoiding these issues. It is the amplifier's task to convert a very low energy, voltage-driven signal into an higher energy output signal (driving the speakers which themselves have a very low impedance). ---- The way I typically think about this is to consider connecting a load to a Thevenin equivalent circuit [1]. The voltage across the load is given by the voltage divider formula (Vload = Vsrc * Rload/(Rload+Rthevenin)). If there is a very low load impedance--this means the amplifier has a very low input impedance--most of the source voltage will drop over the Thevenin equivalent resistance. With a very high input impedance, however, the majority of the signal voltage will be transferred from the source to the load because in the above equation, if Rload >> Rthevenin, Vload is approximately equal to Vsrc. if an amplifier has low impedance input the f/b must be low impedance also which make it in practical to use. The hi impedance of a typical amplifier is because the input is one two diodes basically operating on it exponential curve. Making it virtual the same as the other diode. for a differential amplifier. Boltzmann constant will define the impedance of a single diode.

It depends on the transistor. Minimum base-emitter junction voltage can be as low as 0.6 volts for a silicon transistor, and as low as 0.2 volts for a germanium transistor.

X ray waves are harmful if exposed frequently or for a long time because they penetrate into our body, in the process they cause damage to the cells in the body. This effect can also cause cancer.

I am assuming that you really want to use ammeters to measure power in a balanced 3 phase system. (hope you are not meaning 3 watt meter method)

Power in Watt in a three phase system is equal to 1.73 x line voltage x line current x power factor. You need to know line voltage, power factor also in addition to current to compute the power. If the system is balanced then actually you do not need to connect ammeters in all three lines. One ammeter reading will do.

A closed circuit with a power source and load.

No, nothing flows through an open circuit. If there are two flat plates on either side of the open circuit, facing each other, electric charge builds up on each plate until the plates are at the supply voltage.

If the voltage is AC, current will flow all the time as the voltage changes, because the flat plates form a capacitor that can pass AC. But there is no net power.

The signal that changes at a higher rate occupies greater bandwidth.

When resistors are connected in series in a circuit . the voltage drop across each resistor will be equal to its resistance, as V=IR, V is direct proportional to R.

An

A: The relationship is that the current will divide for each paths in a parallel circuit and the voltage drop across each will be the source voltage.

In a series circuit the current will remain the same for each component but the voltage will divide to reflect each different component value. And the sum of all of the voltage drops will add to the voltage source

if a diode is in forward biased the diode acts as switch is on and when we apply the diode in reverse biased then it work as the switch as off.

digital converter extracts samples of analog signal from input siganl

digital converter quantizes analog sample and assignes a binary numbervalue to it

digital coanverter encodes a quantized analog signal to transmit it across a digital network

That will vary depending on the size of the board, number of circuit layers in the board, number of drill holes needed, if the holes must be plated through or not, cutouts or nonrectangular shape of the board, quantity price breaks available, etc.

The main generator(s) are coupled mechanically to the steam turbines that take the steam output from the nuclear island, one generator per turbine so it is a close coupled combined unit. The generator produces AC electricity (60 Hz in North America, 50 Hz in Europe and most of the rest of the world) at an intermediate voltage level. The actual value will depend on the manufacturer but is usually in the range 10 to 20 KV (kilovolts). Some of this output will be fed back to power plant like the boiler feed pumps and the gas circulators in a gas cooled reactor, the bulk of it will be fed to a transformer which steps it up to the main transmission line voltage, 400 KV in the UK, and hence out to the distribution system.