Electronics Engineering

As FM is transmitted using VHF, the transmitting range is more a matter of Line of Sight than transmitter power as these frequencies only follow straight lines.

Four.

Responsivity of a photodetector is a measure of its efficiency in converting incident light power into an electrical signal, typically expressed in amperes per watt (A/W). It indicates how much output current is generated for a given input optical power, reflecting the device's sensitivity to light. Higher responsivity values imply better performance in detecting weak light signals. Responsivity can vary with wavelength, making it crucial to consider in applications involving different light sources.

tagos

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. That's why we spell it with an "s" and not a "z"

» There is no isolation b/w input and output.

» These circuits can not provide any gain.

» There is always someloss of signal, It can be in the passband.

» Circuit becomes bulky if inductors are used.

» There is no clear demarcation between Passband and stopband but actually it (Passband & Stopband) get mixed up.

» In this frequency response is not sharp as no sudden change in the output when switching from passband to stopband.

» Source loading can take place.

V*A = W, so 11.4Ah * 12V = 136.8Wh

The frequency range of a maracas typically falls within the percussion instrument category, producing a wide range of frequencies. The lowest frequencies produced by a maracas are around 200 Hz, while the highest frequencies can reach up to 10,000 Hz or more. This wide range of frequencies is due to the varying sizes and materials used in the construction of maracas, allowing for a diverse sound profile.

Call the total effective resistance 'R'. If the values of the individual parallel resistors are 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D' etc.,

then 1/R = (1/A) + (1/B) + (1/C) + (1/D) etc. Or, R = 1 divided by { (1/A) + (1/B) + (1/C) + (1/D) } The more resistors there are in parallel, the SMALLER the effective resistance becomes.

distortion refers to any deviation in any parameter like amplitude,time shape of an electrical signal from an ideal input signal.the distortion occurs due to the inherent non-linear characteristics of the component and devices that form the electronic circuit cause some harmonics to take place in the waveform and resultant deviation is know as harmonic distortion.

g = 1/(m*wd)*[e^(-ζ*wn*t)*sin( wd*t)]

where: m = mass

wd = damped frequency ζ = damping ratio wn = natural frequency t= time

The convolution integral approach is a useful solving technique.

reference: Mechanical and Structural Vibrations (Theory and Applications)

author; Jerry H. Ginsberg

Direct coupling

They are called "insulators" and include such materials as glass, rubber, plastic, nylon, dry wood, ceramic, air, etc.

b

No. It only depends on the potential difference between the ends of the individual branch.

If this is the power supply voltage, then the number of other branches doesn't matter.

Passive infra-red (PIR) motion detectors used in security systems are basically heat radiation detectors, sensing the motion of a heat source (infra-red radiation) to detect an intruder. They have a photo-diode that is sensitive to the heat radiation frequencies emitted by the human body, and a special lens that looks at 20 - 30 narrow fields within the protected space. They 'see' the temperature of the background, and any rapid change to this temperature is considered to be a suitable trigger. A person (or animal) moving in the space will move in and out of the fields of view, giving infra-red images to the detector in a rapid 'now you see me, now you don't' pattern.

This generates a series of pulses in the photo-diode as the heat source moves into and out of the fields of view of the PIR lens system. Even if part of your body is at the same temperature as the background, other parts will be at different temperatures, and will probably be detected. (Your head is hotter, your hands are cooler.) Slow changes in the infra-red signature of the room are ignored, as are single pulses, which may be environmental changes (air conditioners) or electrical noise (RFI).

Most modern PIR detectors count the number of times a target appears and disappears from their view, and if it happens (say) 3 times in 5 seconds, they will 'trip' and give an alarm signal. Other detectors analyse the pattern of changes to the heat signal to see if it's human, animal or environmental.

These detectors don't emit any light, they simply look for other sources of heat radiation (hence, 'passive'.) Other devices, such as microwave detectors or ultrasonic detectors, emit a signal and look for the 'doppler effect' frequency shift that a moving target will cause in the reflected signal. Like 'break-beam' detectors, they are 'active' detectors.

There are many types of engineering disciplines and the intent of this article is to serve as an introduction to them. Engineering in general is the design, repair, and testing of products using mathematics, science, physics, and technology. It is a technical field, meaning that it is high-paced and most engineers must be aware of new developments in order to do their best. Architectural engineering deals entirely with the design of buildings for commercial, industrial, and residential purposes. It is a fairly difficult field since there are so many factors that must be taken into account when designing a building and nobody wants to be liable when a building collapses. Most university programs will teach the student to do everything from electrical wiring and plumbing to determining what materials are suitable for a given structure. Biomedical engineering involves the design of devices that are intended to be used in medicine. Students in this field are taught a broad range of subjects including biology, chemistry, computer science, electronics, mechanics, and physiology. Biomedical engineers design everything from mechanical prosthetic limbs and synthetic organs to advanced wheelchairs. Civil engineering is a type of engineering that focuses on the design of structures for various purposes, primarily transportation. Civil engineers are the people called upon to design bridges, roadways, tunnels, and various other projects. Most civil engineering university programs focus on a combination of mechanical and architectural engineering. Computer engineering is a field that combines elements of software and electrical engineering. The primary focus of computer engineering is the design and implementation of embedded systems, that is control systems and computers embedded in everyday products. Despite the embedded systems focus, many computer engineers work in purely software engineering jobs. Electrical engineering deals with application of electricity and electronics. Electrical engineers design everything from amplifiers to television sets, often with the aid of circuit simulation programs like PSpice. Electrical engineers require a strong background in mathematics since the solving of circuits can be very complex. Industrial engineers are trained to design manufacturing processes for a multitude of products. An industrial engineer should be able to look at a product and be able to determine what sort of manufacturing process would be most efficient and least costly to implement for the manufacture of that product. They are given a broad background in electricity, computers, mechanics, and economics. Mechanical engineering is probably the oldest field of engineering since it deals with the design of mechanical systems, which are the earliest form of technology. They can design everything from internal combustion engines to suspension systems. Mechanical engineers are given a strong background in mechanical physics, including pneumatics, fluid mechanics, and hydraulics. Software engineers are taught to design software applications for everything from databases to operating systems. Software engineers must learn many software languages in order to be versatile, since many companies will design different software products using more than one language. Software engineers are trained with software architecture in mind, although they often do the actual coding as well.

And air capacitor is usually a motion capacitor whereby plates mesh to form a different capacitance using air as dielectric

Used for error detection

A memory mapped register is a register that has its specific address stored in a known memory location.

I think the answer is: if you input voltage to a grounded center-tapped secondary transformer winding, only 1/2 the voltage is applied to each rectifier at a time (sine wave), therefore the rectified voltage measured would be 1/2 that of the total voltage. The peak voltage would be 1.4 x RMS. Hope this helps.