Evolution

The change over time that is the definition of evolution is quite well illustrated in the fossil record, especially at the level of higher taxa. The simplicity that becomes multicelled complexity is well written into the mineralization of the fossils left behind over the millions of years.

These genes have lost there protein coding abilities and are riddled with deleterious mutations. Two points to the evolutionary theory contribution. By example. Firstly, all great apes have a vitamin C pseudogene that links humans to all other great apes showing common ancestry. Secondly, this gene is inactive in fruitavores ( humans are common ancestors to fruitavores ) as they eat all the vitamin C they need so this gene became invisible to natural selection and deleterious mutation accumulating in the gene were not selected against as the survival and reproductive success of these organisms was no longer affected by not synthesizing vitamin C.

Generally when a species splits into two populations that are separated by some means that keeps the now individual gen pools from intermingling. This allows new alleles to arise in the separate populations and as time passes this frequency changes in alleles can give rise to new species.

The evolutionary history of primates is based on fossil evidence, molecular studies, and comparative anatomy. Fossil records show the gradual development of primate characteristics over time, while molecular studies help determine how closely related different primate species are. Comparative anatomy helps identify shared characteristics across different primate species and their common ancestors.

Reptiles evolved some 320 million years ago from amniote ancestors, specifically from advanced reptiliomorph labyrinthodons. They were among the first vertebrates to successfully sever their ancestral tie to water, as they developed impermeable skin and a mode of reproduction that did not depend upon a body of water (internal fertilization coupled with the amnion, a semi-permeable membrane that protects the embryo in the egg and allows for an exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, allow the developing animal to breathe).

The description is consistent with Neanderthals, an extinct ancient human species. They lived alongside Homo sapiens and were known for their advanced tool-making skills, hunting large animals, wearing clothing, and displaying care for their sick and elderly. The exact reason for their extinction remains debated among scientists, with factors such as competition with other human species or environmental changes being proposed.

"Soapy Sam" was a nickname for Samuel Wilberforce, a 19th-century Anglican bishop known for his charismatic personality and controversial stances on issues such as evolution. He was a key figure in the debates between science and religion during the Victorian era, particularly in relation to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

The honey bee belongs to the group of insects known as hymenoptera, which includes bees, ants, and wasps. Honey bees are important pollinators and are known for producing honey, beeswax, and royal jelly.

Ammocoete was generic name wrongly given to larva of Lamprey . Reason was its very long larval existance .It is filter feeder like some echinoderms .Later it was discovered that it is larva of Lamprey , hence this name became invalid . It supports evolution of Chordates from Echinoderms .

The universe began with the Big Bang approximately 13.8 billion years ago, expanding and cooling over time. Galaxies and stars formed as matter clumped together due to gravity. The universe continues to expand at an accelerating rate due to dark energy.

No, natural selection does not create variation within a species. Instead, natural selection acts on existing variations within a population, favoring traits that increase an individual's chances of survival and reproduction in a given environment. The variation itself arises from mechanisms such as mutations, genetic recombination, and gene flow.

Because viruses are single-cell organisms, they can mutate (evolve) quicker than complex, multi-cell organisms, where evolution gradually happens over time spans that humans can hardly fathom. Viral mutations give evolutionary biologists the opportunity to observe the process within timespans a human being can grasp. It not only supports the theory of evolution, but confirms it with demonstrable evidence.

The main cause of evolution is natural selection, which is the process where organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than those that are not as well adapted. This leads to the passing on of beneficial traits to future generations, causing populations to change over time.

The finches on the Galapagos Islands helped him, as they gave him the basis of his idea of natural selection, which was the backbone of his Theory of Evolution. The birds beaks had altered slightly to enable them to eat the various foods available on their respective islands. This observation then prompted Darwin to extrapolate the data, and say that these small changes could eventually result in a fish turning into a reptile.

It means a synthesis was created between systematic biology, population biology, genetics, paleontology and botany to form the modern theory of evolution by natural selection. Before 1930 all biologists, and other disciplines, were confirmed in evolution but not all were sold on natural selection as the main driver of adaptive change, especially geneticists. By mathematical paraphernalia showing that gradual genetic change over time could drive evolution and a broad agreement among the other branches of biology and earth science we have the modern synthesis, some times called the Neo-Darwinian synthesis.

Can identical twins have babies? Yes.

A cloned animal, except for its age, is indistinguishable from an identical twin. Depending upon how it was cloned, the telomeres of its DNA may be shortened, but this would have little impact on its ability to breed.

In short, yes, cloned animals may have babies, and live out their lives as naturally as uncloned organisms, and this has been demonstrated in numerous cloned species.

Organisms can have physical defenses like camouflage or spines, chemical defenses like toxins or bad taste, behavioral defenses like hiding or fleeing, and immune defenses like antibodies or white blood cells to fight off pathogens.

Can be the basis for evolutionary change. When changes occur in the genes of sex cells, these changes can be passed on to offspring and may result in beneficial adaptations over generations, leading to evolutionary change.

Lamarck was the first to create a theory of evolution. He pretty much stated that animals changed over time because they INHERITED their new trait that they had to have to survive. This was disproved.

Charles Darwin found that animals changed due to NATURAL SELECTION. Natural selection is the process in which animals with a certain trait key to survival would survive in their environment and produce offspring more often than the ones without the new trait therefore passing it on to the next generation, and the next one.

Sloths have evolved to have slow metabolisms, long claws for hanging on trees, and a specialized digestive system to break down their leafy diet efficiently. Their slow movement and greenish tinge help camouflage them in the treetops, protecting them from predators.

It depends on what type of Enzyme. Enzymes have different optimum pH depending on the environment they work in, for example and enzyme in the stomach of a human would have a pH of about 2 but an enzyme in human saliva has an optimum pH of 5.6.

Protein comparisons, ie. DNA comparisons contribute to evolutionary theory by separating organisms in the plant and animal kingdoms. They go so far as to even separate individuals from one another within the same species. AKA Genetic Code.

Organisms that are less fit can die before they reproduce. This is statistically more likely for such organisms. Organisms that are less fit have problems getting mates as they are passed over in greater numbers than fit organisms. Organisms that are less fit can not bring the offspring to term and provide as well for the offspring as fit organisms can. Organisms that are less fit pass on to their progeny the genetic insults that they carry, thus their offspring are less fit also. And many other reasons could be thought of here, so you think of some reasons yourself.

The environment and ecological niche play a large role in determining the kind and size of animals. Factors such as available resources, competition, predation, and evolutionary history all influence an animal's size and species. Natural selection also plays a significant role in shaping the characteristics of different animal species.

Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution through natural selection in his 1859 book, "On the Origin of Species." This work revolutionized the field of biology and established him as the father of modern evolutionary theory.