Genetic Engineering

apoptosis

Genes on DNA make proteins by transcription and translation.

Different alleles mean different proteins which consequently stand for different phenotypes.

It is explicit in the case of one's blood type since proteins like antigen A or antigen B directly lead to different phenotypes.

In some cases of shapes, DNA information expression may be implicit. For example. a deficient enzyme coded by recessive alleles fails to turn sugars into starch for storage in a seed. Therefore, the seed swells with plenty of water flowing in(osmosis). When it gets dried, it turns wrinkled. On the other hand, the dominant alleles express a round shape due to the normal enzyme that remains the content full of starch rather than water.

This question is vague. DNA and RNA, nucleic acids, make up the genetic material of living organisms. The nucleotides, building blocks that make up nucleic acids are Cytosine, guanine, adenine,Cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine thymine, and uracil. See the link for more info.

The genes, which are found in the nucleus, carries the hereditary characteristics of an individual. The genes are subsets of a cell's DNA.

For a variety of reasons.

Crops are bred for a greater yield per acre, larger fruit or vegetable size, more resistance to extremes of cold or heat, more resistance to insects, immunities to disease, etc.

These make better and more food for everyone. It allows us to maintain over 6 billion humans, where without such alterations and other agro-technologies, we'd scarce be able to feed 2 billion.

Look at the next 6 people you pass by. Know that four of them would not exist were it not for advances in farming - including genetic alterations.

(Note: Genetically altering also includes simply "selection", and has been done for several thousand years.)

Yes, they do. A leading company in this area is Monsanto. Though it used to be that patents were not allowed for seeds and crops, the government now allows them and Monsanto patents their genetically modified brands of not only corn, but other crops.

The expression of a gene of interest can be ensured by combining it with a gene recessive to it.

No everyone in the world does not have a look alike. Everybody has their own genetic code giving them their own look.

They have extremely short generation times and large populations.

They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer

X-Linked Inheritance

The genetic structures located within the nucleolus of each cell are known as chromosomes. These structures are made up of the DNA molecules containing the body's genes.

sticky ends are more specific and easier to ligate

Hemophilia is one.. it's where a person has a mutation in one of the genes responsible for blood clotting. It means the blood doesn't clot and the person could bleed to death.

Down Syndrome - is when a person has an excess of Chromosome 21

Cystic Fibrosis, a fatal genetic disorder in which excessive amounts of mucus are secreted, blocking intestinal and bronchial ducts and causing difficulty in breathing.

It is the same as human, ie.DNA. In fact, bacteria are the ancestors of all the species,and so they named as prokaryotes. They trascribe RNA and synthesise proteins like us.

the only arguments against it are as follows:

1. it can be dangerous to certain life on the planet to genetically engineer plants. example: in the 90's a corn crop was grown from genetically engineered corn and a butterfly species went extinct.

2. some say that it is wrong to "play god"

3. it can be considered animal cruelty.

the advantages of are as follows:

1. the world's largest source of electricity could be harnessed by simply splicing an electric eel's zwitterion genes together with something like a sea sponge.

2. the world could be a lot better fed if only chicken nuggets grew on trees.

3. you could have a dog that fits in a shot glass.

Yes!! Genetic engineering is defined as the direct manipulation of an organism's genes. Though I do believe there should be some limitations on what we do with genetic engineering, it can cure so many genetic disorders and illnesses. Keep in mind that nearly EVERY human disorder has an underlying genetic cause. For instance, people with Sick Cell Anemia have a point mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin. This mutation results in abnormal function of the hemoglobin in their blood cells, which causes the cells to turn sickle shaped when they are deoxygenated. It shortens life expectancy to mid 40s, and can cause very painful and potentially lethal complications. However, with genetic engineering we could insert a functioning copy of the gene into a patient's bone marrow cells, and they would be able to produce normal blood cells. In a few months after all their defective sickle blood cells died off, they would be free of the disease. However, I think use of genetic engineering to change a human's appearance, intelligence, or behavior is too much.

true

Genotype is the genetic makeup of a trait.

Transformation of bacteria plasmids are one of the easiest ways to demonstrate and test hypotheses about genetic transformations in laboratory conditions due to the ease of performing the procedure and relative quickness of obtaining results. DNA can be taken into the bacterium by subjecting the a competent cell to heat shock which makes the plasma membrane more fluid. (A bacterial cell may need to be treated with a chemical, ie) CaCl2 in E. coli, in order to become competent, or have enhanced ability for DNA uptake). The foreign DNA, or plasmid, will insert itself into the DNA of the bacterium. Bacterial cells have relatively few genes, compared to other organisms. Bacteria replicate frequently and will therefore express a phenotype in a reasonable amount of time. Only some competent cells will become transformed. This factor is expressed as transformation efficiency, which is defined by (# of transformants obtained)/(# of total cells).

what research is currently being done on cri-du-chat

The addition of calcium chloride to a cell suspension promotes the binding of plasmid DNA to Lipopolysaccharide. Positively charged calcium ions attract both the negatively charged DNA backboneand the negatively charged groups in the Lipopolysaccharide inner core. The plasmid DNA can then pass into the cell upon heat shock, where cells are cooled to a low temperature (+4 degrees Celsius) and then heated to a high temperature (+42 degrees Celsius) for a short time.

DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell, which contains chromosomes, genes are found on chromosomes