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Genetic Engineering
Questions about the manipulation of an organisms genes in order to alter the morphological or chemical traits of the organism.
1,707 Questions
What is the total genetic information in a cell?
The total genetic information in a cell is stored in its genome, which consists of DNA molecules. The genome contains all the hereditary information necessary for the growth, development, and functioning of an organism.
What is protein covered genetic material?
Protein covered genetic material refers to the structure of a virus, where the genetic material (RNA or DNA) is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. This capsid protects the viral genetic material and helps the virus infect host cells.
The small structures in the cell that carry out the cell's activities are known as?
Organelles. Organelles perform specific functions within the cell, such as energy production, protein synthesis, and waste removal. Examples of organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
This process is known as natural selection, a key mechanism of evolution where individuals with beneficial traits that enhance survival and reproduction are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. Harmful or unfavorable genes may be selected against, reducing their frequency in the population over time.
Yeast cloning is a technique used to create identical copies of a specific gene or piece of DNA by inserting it into a yeast cell. The yeast cell then replicates the DNA along with its own genome, producing multiple copies of the desired DNA sequence. This technique is often used in molecular biology research to study gene function or produce specific proteins.
Prokaryotic cells, like bacteria and archaea, have DNA as their genetic material but do not have a nucleus to encase the DNA. Instead, their DNA is found in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid.
Why is mutation in and of itself not evolution?
A mutation changes the DNA of an organism in a way that affects its offspring, either immediately or several generations down the line.
The change brought about by a mutation is either beneficial, harmful or neutral.
If the change is harmful, then it is unlikely that the offspring will survive to reproduce, so the mutation dies out and goes nowhere.
If the change is beneficial, which is a rare occurrence, then it is likely that the offspring will do better than other offspring and so will reproduce more.
Once the mutation has manifested itself for the better in the offspring, through natural selection the offspring will mate more and create a new generation with the same manifested mutation. Only at this point can we say that the species has evolved since not all mutations are fruitful and create a new generation with better or different characteristics. In fact most mutations are harmful and thus do not evolve which is why the process of evolution is very slow.
Bacterial cells do not have genetic material?
Bacterial cells do have genetic material, which is usually in the form of a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region of the cell. This genetic material contains the information needed for the cell to function and replicate.
The nucleus of the cell is full of a grainy material called what?
Chromatin- granular material visible within the nucleus
Describe the mechanism of Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA?
Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay (ELISA) is so sensitive because of the detection method, i.e. using antibody, and visual detection. A positive control is needed because of the relative selectivity of the antibody. It can always bind to other stuff and give artifactually high values. Nonspecific, unoccupied binding sites in the microtiter plate (as well as other places) have to be blocked or they will give a signal as though they were the analyte of interest.
What are factors that may lead to changes in a cells genetic information?
Factors that may lead to changes in a cell's genetic information include mutation-causing agents like radiation or chemicals, errors during DNA replication, environmental factors like UV radiation, and viral infections that integrate their genetic material into the host cell's genome.
What type of genetic disorder is waardenburg syndrome?
Waardenburg synrome is an autosomal genetic disorder characterized by deafness, confluent brows, early grey hair as young as 12, different colored eyes or unusually brilliant blue eyes. Source US NIH Deafness and other communcation disorders. Its named Waardenburg because it was discovered Prietrus Waardenburg who noticed girls and boys with unmatching eyes tend to deafness.
There are four main types.
What two factors introduce genetic variation during the process of meiosis?
The two factors that introduce genetic variation during the process of meiosis are independent assortment and chromosomal crossover. These occur during prophase 1 and anaphase 1 of meiosis.
What has to be removed from the donor's egg during cloning?
The nucleus of the donor's egg, which contains the donor's genetic material, needs to be removed during the cloning process. This step is necessary to make room for the nucleus from a somatic cell, which will be inserted into the enucleated egg to create a cloned embryo.
In a DNA molecule what base pair could normally be composed of?
A DNA molecule can have base pairs composed of adenine (A) pairing with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairing with cytosine (C). This is known as complementary base pairing in DNA.
What are animals that contain foreign DNA called?
Animals that contain foreign DNA are called transgenic or genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This DNA is often added to confer specific traits, such as disease resistance or improved growth characteristics.
How can you all be genetically different from each other if the genetic code is universal?
While the genetic code is universal, variations in the arrangement and sequences of genes within each individual's genome lead to genetic differences. These variations can arise from mutations, genetic recombination, and other mechanisms that occur over time. Additionally, environmental factors can also influence gene expression and contribute to individual genetic diversity.
During anaphase, the spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart so that there are two identical sets of chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell. Now, the cell is ready for telophase.
What is the limitation of ELISA?
Take samples and save
Serum
Plasma
The supernatant of cell culture
Cell lysates
Homogenate of urine, saliva and other liquids in biological samples
Reagent preparation
Adding sample
Heat preservation
How does genetic variation and environmental factors work together to cause natural selection?
Higher the genetic variation, better luck to deal with wider range of environmental factors hence better luck to pass the sieve of natural selection.
ALSO
Organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, etc) that have more traits that are favorable in the environment will live longer and have more opportunities to reproduce and create offspring that share their favorable traits. Organisms with traits unsuitable for the environment will die sooner, and will produce fewer or no offspring. If given enough time in a stable environment, the population will eventually reflect the genes best suited for it, assuming pure natural selection.
What is a mistake in a genetic code called?
DNA is used as a blue print for building proteins. So imagine that you have an error on your blueprint for building a sky scraper. This will result in your skyscraper having an error.
The molecular basis of this is that DNA is transcribed to mrna and translated to proteins. Proteins are made of amino acids and one amino acid takes three nucleotides called a codon to make. So if you have an error on a nucleotide on your dna sequence. The protein that it codes for will have a different amino acid in that spot. This is how dna results in protein error. An example of this sickle cell anemia. The hemoglobin protein is changed in shape from just changing one amino acid to another. This is resulted from just one error called a point mutation in the dna sequence.
that question didn't make much sense tbh but its the chromosomes that line up on the equator of the nucleus not the cell itself then spindle fibres come down from the poles of the nucleus and pull the two pairs of chromotids of the chromosomes apart to oposite sides of the nucleus then the nucleus becomes two then the cytoplasm splits idk if you are even asking about mitosis anyway...but if you are =D this is relevant if not sorry
Brown eyes blue eyes and green eyes are an example of?
These eye colors are phenotypic expression of genotypes for eye color.
Where is the genetic materials chromosomes stored in plant and animal cell?
Eukaryotic cells store their genetic material (DNA) in chromosomes in the nucleus.
In addition there is some DNA in each mitochondrion and chloroplast.
Prokaryotic cells store their genetic information in a single chromosome in the cytoplasm, and in a number of small rings of DNA called plasmids, also in the cytoplasm.
