Genetic Engineering

Bacterial cells do have genetic material, which is usually in the form of a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region of the cell. This genetic material contains the information needed for the cell to function and replicate.

Chromatin- granular material visible within the nucleus

Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay (ELISA) is so sensitive because of the detection method, i.e. using antibody, and visual detection. A positive control is needed because of the relative selectivity of the antibody. It can always bind to other stuff and give artifactually high values. Nonspecific, unoccupied binding sites in the microtiter plate (as well as other places) have to be blocked or they will give a signal as though they were the analyte of interest.

Factors that may lead to changes in a cell's genetic information include mutation-causing agents like radiation or chemicals, errors during DNA replication, environmental factors like UV radiation, and viral infections that integrate their genetic material into the host cell's genome.

Waardenburg synrome is an autosomal genetic disorder characterized by deafness, confluent brows, early grey hair as young as 12, different colored eyes or unusually brilliant blue eyes. Source US NIH Deafness and other communcation disorders. Its named Waardenburg because it was discovered Prietrus Waardenburg who noticed girls and boys with unmatching eyes tend to deafness.

There are four main types.

The two factors that introduce genetic variation during the process of meiosis are independent assortment and chromosomal crossover. These occur during prophase 1 and anaphase 1 of meiosis.

The nucleus of the donor's egg, which contains the donor's genetic material, needs to be removed during the cloning process. This step is necessary to make room for the nucleus from a somatic cell, which will be inserted into the enucleated egg to create a cloned embryo.

A DNA molecule can have base pairs composed of adenine (A) pairing with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairing with cytosine (C). This is known as complementary base pairing in DNA.

Animals that contain foreign DNA are called transgenic or genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This DNA is often added to confer specific traits, such as disease resistance or improved growth characteristics.

While the genetic code is universal, variations in the arrangement and sequences of genes within each individual's genome lead to genetic differences. These variations can arise from mutations, genetic recombination, and other mechanisms that occur over time. Additionally, environmental factors can also influence gene expression and contribute to individual genetic diversity.

During anaphase, the spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart so that there are two identical sets of chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell. Now, the cell is ready for telophase.

Take samples and save

Serum

Plasma

The supernatant of cell culture

Cell lysates

Homogenate of urine, saliva and other liquids in biological samples

Reagent preparation

Adding sample

Heat preservation

Higher the genetic variation, better luck to deal with wider range of environmental factors hence better luck to pass the sieve of natural selection.

ALSO

Organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, etc) that have more traits that are favorable in the environment will live longer and have more opportunities to reproduce and create offspring that share their favorable traits. Organisms with traits unsuitable for the environment will die sooner, and will produce fewer or no offspring. If given enough time in a stable environment, the population will eventually reflect the genes best suited for it, assuming pure natural selection.

dna

DNA is used as a blue print for building proteins. So imagine that you have an error on your blueprint for building a sky scraper. This will result in your skyscraper having an error.

The molecular basis of this is that DNA is transcribed to mrna and translated to proteins. Proteins are made of amino acids and one amino acid takes three nucleotides called a codon to make. So if you have an error on a nucleotide on your dna sequence. The protein that it codes for will have a different amino acid in that spot. This is how dna results in protein error. An example of this sickle cell anemia. The hemoglobin protein is changed in shape from just changing one amino acid to another. This is resulted from just one error called a point mutation in the dna sequence.

that question didn't make much sense tbh but its the chromosomes that line up on the equator of the nucleus not the cell itself then spindle fibres come down from the poles of the nucleus and pull the two pairs of chromotids of the chromosomes apart to oposite sides of the nucleus then the nucleus becomes two then the cytoplasm splits idk if you are even asking about mitosis anyway...but if you are =D this is relevant if not sorry

These eye colors are phenotypic expression of genotypes for eye color.

The abnormal development or growth of cells is called tumor or neoplasm, which can be benign or malignant. In the case of cancer, the cells divide uncontrollably and can invade surrounding tissues.

Under normal circumstances, aerobic respiration is favored by cells. This process involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, which is the cell's main source of energy. Aerobic respiration is more efficient and yields a higher amount of ATP compared to anaerobic respiration.

Yes, a gene for antibiotic resistance can be used as a selectable marker in transformation experiments. By incorporating the gene into a vector along with the gene of interest, researchers can grow the transformed cells on media containing the antibiotic, allowing only the cells that have successfully incorporated the gene of interest to survive. This method helps in identifying and isolating the transformed cells.

The thin strands in the nucleus that contain genetic material are called chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins, and contain the genes that determine an individual's traits.

Hola me llamo Elisa. That is how you say hi my name is Elisa in Spanish.

Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar (in the case of DNA, deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one nitrogenous base (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine,or Cytosine). The DNA molecule is a double helix of two long strings of nucleotides.

The main advantage is the ability to spray for weeds with roundup and not damage the crop. Roundup is a non-selective herbicide that controls both grassy weeds and broad leaf weeds. Roundup ready crops are unaffected by roundup so all weeds can be killed while the crop is undamaged. Basically, a farmer can control all weeds with one herbicide and not have to worry about a loss of the crop.