Geophysics

Land based volcanoes are more dangerous to people. More important is the type of lava, based on viscosity. Highly viscous lavas tend to cause explosive eruptions, like Mt. Saint Helens, while low viscosity lava tends to flow after eruption, without the ash and pyroclastic effects associated with highly viscous lavas.

The less crude oil there is still to find the harder the oil companies who are looking have to spend more money, time, effort simply to find profitable, useable crude oil fields. It cost money, time, and effort to 'crack' or refine crude oil down into its various component oil products. These costs are being past on to consumers of refined oil such as car drivers.

Any part of a continent could be affected, although plate margins are affected more than other areas. Ground shifting effects diminish from the epicenter, much like sound waves diminish over distance.

It is hotter at 3 pm rather than at noon because the atmosphere helps trap heat. At noon the sun is at its highest point, therefore it is hot outside. It is hotter at 3 pm because the heat is built up to its highest temperature throughout that entire day.

Great Slave Lake in Fort Providence is the source of the Mackenzie River. The river flows for 1,080 miles and empties into the Arctic Ocean.

The way a mineral reflects light is its luster. Luster is determined by the way light interacts with the surface of the mineral, producing characteristics like metallic, vitreous, silky, or dull appearances.

The size of the opening of the tube controls the pressure buildup in the underground reservoir. If the opening is small, pressure can build up before being released, creating a geyser when the water erupts. A larger opening allows pressure to dissipate more gradually, resulting in a hot spring where water flows steadily.

Continental drift is the name for the effect Plate Tectonics has on the major continental crust plates of the planet.

Plate Tectonics causes them to 'drift' apart very slowly over very long periods of time. The continents only move a few inches a year on average.


The mechanism by which they move, Plate Tectonics, works essentially like this:



There are faults, or cracks/splits in the earth's crust where the plates push against each other, slide along each other, or are pushed/buried under one another. These plates are always under immense pressure, and sometimes they slip, spread, or are buried deeper under another plate, almost always causing earthquakes.

When this happens, they move slightly, usually ranging from a few inches to a few feet. These slight moves add up over millions of years to move whole crust plates hundreds or thousands of miles.

(simplified)

"A slightly-squashed sphere" could be any sphere that is flattened in some way, but when used to describe the shape of the Earth the proper technical term is "oblate spheroid." It is a sphere-like shape where the rotational axis- the distance through the Earth from the North Pole to the South Pole, for example- is shorter than the distance through from side to side at the equator.

In the sciences you often find there are many models to explain something, starting with a very simple and basic one and going all the way up to very complex. You can assume that the shape of the Earth is a sphere. If that's not accurate enough for your purposes, the more accurate model is that the Earth is an oblate spheroid. In more detail, the Earth is actually slightly pear-shaped, with the Northern Hemisphere a little tapered compared to the Southern Hemisphere. After that, models of the Earth's shape get more and more detailed and complicated until you end up with topographic maps that chart every little hill and valley.

The iron catastrophe is termed a catastrophe because it refers to a major event in the formation of a planet where iron sinks to the core due to its high density, causing other elements to rise to the surface. This process leads to the differentiation of a planet into distinct layers, which can dramatically affect its geophysical and geochemical properties.

part of a clockwise-setting ocean-current system in the North Atlantic Ocean, extending from southeast of the Grand Bank, off Newfoundland, Canada, to the Norwegian Sea, off northwestern Europe. It constitutes the northeastward extension of the Gulf Stream; the latter issues from the Gulf of Mexico and gradually emerges as the North Atlantic Current in mid-ocean. It is composed of several broad currents with speeds of about 0.2 knots, as compared with the Gulf Stream's rather concentrated flow at 1 to 6 knots.

Reflection and refraction seismology are both ways to study the structure of the Earth near the surface. Among other things, they are used to search for oil and gas deposits.

Reflection seismology works like sonar. You send a sound pulse into the Earth. The sound pulse is probably most often made by setting off an array of small explosive charges, but it could be from trucks that balance on a plate and vibrate that plate to send a waveform into the ground, or for measuring soil layers near the surface it could even be done by pounding on a metal plate with a sledgehammer. The sound pulse goes down into the Earth. Each time it hits a rock layer, soil layer, or other object with different acoustical properties (sound speed and material density) than the one above, part of the energy reflects back toward the geophones, the sound detection devices, you have arranged across the surface. You can record these reflections. Making a few assumptions about sound speed in the subsurface and other matters, and after doing a lot of computer processing, you can build up a picture of the underground structure.

Refraction seismology uses a sound pulse and a line of geophones extending away from it to the side. The sound pulse goes into the ground. Some of the energy gets refracted into each of the various rock or soil layers in the ground and moves through them horizontally, and some of the energy is always refracting out of those layers again and returning to the surface, where the geophones detect it. In general, deeper rock layers have higher sound velocities than shallower ones. Therefore at first the earliest signal to reach the geophones will be the direct wave through the surface layer, but at geophones further away a wave that goes down into the Earth, gets into a layer that has a faster sound velocity, and after a while returns to the surface will be the wave that reaches the geophones first. You can take the arrival times of different wave paths at your geophones and calculate out a structure of the rock and soil layers, with the thickness and sound velocity of each.

Reflection seismology needs a lot of data processing, so it wasn't that popular until computer power increased enough to make it practical. In general refraction seismology is good for finding the general structure of an area, while reflection seismology is good at finding small details. They really work best when you use them together. The sound velocity data you can get from refraction seismology can be applied to the reflection seismology, and can make it more accurate than it would have been otherwise.

Fluids trapped in rocks refer to water, oil, gas, or other fluids that are confined within the pore spaces of the rock matrix. These fluids can play a critical role in various geological processes such as the formation of hydrocarbon reservoirs, mineral deposits, and groundwater systems. Studying these trapped fluids can provide valuable insights into the history and evolution of the rocks.

Florida would be warmer in summer because it is closer to the equator and receives more direct sunlight. The Arctic Circle, despite being tilted towards the sun, would still experience colder temperatures due to its higher latitude and distance from the equator.

Fossils are the remains or traces of living things that have been preserved in the Earth's crust. They can include bones, shells, imprints, or tracks left behind by organisms that lived long ago. Fossils provide valuable information about past life forms and can help scientists understand the history of life on Earth.

The age of a pebble found on the beach can vary widely depending on its composition and geological history. Some pebbles may have formed relatively recently (within the last few decades to centuries), while others could be thousands to millions of years old. Geologists can often infer the general age of a pebble based on its physical characteristics and the geology of the area where it was found.

A geoscientist is a scientist who studies the Earth's processes, materials, and history. They may specialize in areas such as geology, geophysics, or hydrology, and their work can involve conducting research, analyzing data, and interpreting geological formations. Geoscientists often work to better understand natural phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and climate change.

Story drift refers to the phenomenon where a project or initiative gradually veers off course from its original goals or intended direction. This deviation can occur due to various factors such as changing priorities, lack of communication, or shifting stakeholder expectations. It is important for project managers to monitor and address story drift to ensure the project stays on track.

YES, after eliminating the weight of any alien objects hitting earth from space it should weigh the same. It doesweigh the same; the earth's weight is zero. However, it is certainly more massive now than it was then. The above conclusion is problematic, because the 'alien' objects referred to are the very things that the earth is made of. Tons of material come down to earth each day.

Geophysical well logging techniques involve using tools to measure properties like electrical resistivity, sonic velocity, and gamma-ray emissions in a borehole. Each tool provides information about the subsurface geology. Diagrams illustrating these tools show how they are lowered into the well and how data is collected at various depths.

Stars were an important navigational tool for people escaping slavery on the Underground Railroad because they provided a guide for direction at night. The North Star, in particular, was used as a reference point for travelers heading north towards freedom. By following the stars, enslaved individuals could travel safely and avoid detection.

Example sentence: Diane and Walter hired a jazz trio to entertain the guests at their wedding reception. A synonym for trio is threesome.

talc's cleavage is perfect in one direction, basal.