There were several attempts by Muslim armies to conquer Constantinople before Ottoman Muslim Sultan Mehmet II el-Fatih (the Conqueror) overran the city's defenses in 1453. The Muslims were unable to conquer Constantinople in those attacks because of how well the city is fortified. The Old City of Constantinople is on a small peninsula and the city walls went right up to the water. This meant that no siege weaponry could be used on three sides of the city. Correspondingly, the only land-border of the city was extremely well-fortified and developed. Additionally, since the land border was west-facing, it would require the Muslims, who were generally coming from the east, to move around the city's north or south face and given the defenders of the city enough time to prepare an effective defense.

shiism did not undergo any divisions dyring the imamate of the first three Imam: Ali, Hasan , Husayn. but after the martyrdom of Husayn, the majority of shiites accepted the Imamate Of Ali ibn Husayn ibn Al-Sajjad, while a minority known as Kaysaniyyah believed that the third son of Ali, Muhammed Ibn Al Hanafiyyah was the fouth Imam as well as the promised Mahdi and that he had gone into occultation in the Rawdah mountain and one day would reappear. after the death of Imam Al Sajjad , the majority of shiites accepted as Imam his son, Muhammad Al BAqir while a minority followed Zayd al Shahid, another son of imam Al Sajjad and became known as ZAydis, Following Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir, the Shiites accepted his son Jafar Al-Sadiq as Imam ad after the death of imam Jafar, the majority followed his son Imam Musa Al-Kazim as the seventh Imam. However one group followed the older son of the sixth imam, Ismail, whi had died while his father was still alive and when this latter group separated from the majority of shiites, it became known as as Ismailis. others accepted as Imam either Abdullah Aftah or Muhammad, both sons of sixth imam. finally another party stopped with sixth Imam himself and considered him as the last Imam. In the same way after the martyrdom of Imam Musa-Alkazim the majority followed his son, Ali Al-Rida, as the eighth Imam. however some stopped with the seventh imam and became known as the waqifiyyah.

from the eighth Imam to the twelfth, whom the majority of shiites believed to be the promised mahdi, no division of any importance took place in Shiism.

the sunnis divide in terms of the school of jurisprudence into four schools: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafehii, Hanbali.

Prior to the Moorish invasion the Iberian Peninsula was a collection of principalities and kingdoms with a common language. After the Moorish invasion these individual units, sometimes alone, and sometimes in alliance with other units resisted and rebelled and began a slow, area by area, push toward the South. Eventually the three largest kingdoms, Castile, Leon, and Aragon were united by the 1469 marriage of Isabel I, Queen of Castile and Leon to Ferdinand II, the King of Aragon. These two monarchs served as co-rulers of their individual kingdoms until Isabels death in 1504. By 1492 they had succeeded in expelling the Moors from what became Spain. As the wealth of the Americas flowed into their coffers they became the preeminent power in Spain.

We do not have the exact dates, but it appears that the earliest conversions, usually of Ghanian leaders, occurred in the mid-800s C.E., and Islam became a dominant religion in the Ghana Empire by the mid-900s C.E.

Currently, Cyprus is the only major island in the Mediterranean with a Muslim-government presence: the illegal occupation government of the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus. If the map you are looking at is from the days of the Abbassid Caliphate, then the island in question would be Sicily, which was conquered by the Arab Muslims and held for roughly two centuries.

The US military armed the Northern Alliance and assorted warlords, supported them with arms and reconnaissance so they were able to kick the Taliban out of power and caused many of them to flee into Pakistan.

Umar of Arabia (Umar bin Khattab) is known for his justice, wisdom, management, hardworking, and power.

He ruled the Islamic empire and was the 3rd ruler in Islam after prophit Muhammad and Abu Bakr.

During his 10 years as Khalifa (ruler), the Islamic empire doubled its size, siezed Sassanid empire and more than two thirds of the Byzantine empire which were the two most powerful and largest empires at that time.

Also, he established a lot of rules and a law which made his empire known of its justice and stability.

All kind of people and religions were there and lived in peace without problems, and as a result, the Islamic empire were able to expand much more later and to achieve the civil achievements it did later.

the reconquista was important because it put the Iberan back under Catholic control and represented the only really successful Holy War completed in the Renaissance.

It didn't. Both those empires were gone by the time Islam began.

All branches of science, human rights, philosophies, and morals were advanced in the Islamic empire.

Historically inaccurate. They were not all being ruled by same countries. But todays East Europe was ruled by Ottoman Empire for 400 years and Spain was ruled for 100 years or so, which are not being ruled by the Muslim now

Afghanistan

After liberating Jerusalem from the Christians, he proclaimed himself sultan. His soldiers agreed that it was fitting.

-converted many to muslims

-ruled egypt and entered the maghrib

-some african rulers converted to islam

-based the government upon the islamic law

-often relied of religious scholars as government advisors

there were many even still there are but people have made islam a very difficult religion even it is not......one of the bestestestestest contibution which i like the most was the importance of women :).....before islam women were treated in a very inhumane manner....young girls were buried or killed when they just born...so islam did everything to protect a woman and that is why today women are alive in all world....even i would not b able to answer you if islam wud not have been introduced :)

Badly.

The Mughal Empire was known throughout its reign to have been a relatively beneficent Islamic State, especially under Akbar the Great. However, King Aurangzeb forcibly converted massive numbers of Hindus in India. He also led several campaigns to slaughter of several groups of Hindus who lived outside of his direct authority. He was known for destroying the three most sacred Hindu temples: the Kashi Vishwanath temple, Kesava Deo temple and Somnath temple and built large mosques in their place. Sikh leaders who opposed Aurangzeb's forced conversions were beheaded. Christians who had received aid and protection under Akbar the Great lost those benefits under the Mughal.

Shia and Sunni have mostly same beliefs and both believe in fundamental beliefs of Islam. Today there is up to 260 sects in Islam that are in two main categories of shia and sunni.

the conflict of shia and sunni has been always amplified by world Imperialism to prevent Islam from gaining power.

Shia believes in Allah, prophet and all fundamentals of Islam.

Shia pray 5 times a day but usually do the 2, 3 and 4, 5 pray together and so may seem they do only 3 pray a day. there is some differences in details of pray like genuflect (for shia should be on a stone or part of earth and for sunni on carpet or floor ).

shia believe after death of prophet God selected the successive for prophet who is the political leader of Muslim community and people can not and does not the right to selected it.

Shia believes the Caliph (Representative of God in earth) is selected only by God and can not be selected by people because God said in Koran: "Indeed, I will make upon the earth a successive authority" (Quran 2:30) or "O David! We did indeed make thee a vicegerent on earth" (Quran 38:26) also other verses.

Shia believes such verses means only God can select an Islamic political leader (Caliph).

In Shia Islam Caliphs after prophet are 12 Imams and all of them are the same and have no mistake and have the knowledge of everything (not absolute knowledge like knowledge of God) and they hear all sayings and even thinks of all humans after even after their death by permission of God and they are intermediates between God and human Shia Muslims always support them and forgive their lives for them.

Shia Muslims do not consider selection of Abubakr as Caliph by people valid because God did not select him. They believe God ordered prophet to declare people that Ali is selected as successor of prophet and prophet did this mission many times during his prophet-hood and mainly in Ghadir event after last Hajj of his life at a 3-4 hour speech in front of 120,000 Muslims at Ghadir in hot desert after 2 days stop of long caravan for gathering and 3 days after speech for congratulations and homage of Muslims to Ali. Islam at that time had high power in world and Some companions had high interest in leadership position after prophet. Muslims knew that it is the final Hajj of prophet (predicted by prophet) and were going along with prophet to hear what prophet says at end of his life. Shia believes Ghadir event is the most important event of Islam and is mentioned in Koran in many verses like "Today" (اليوم) in verse 5:3 of Quran is the day of Ghadir. Or Verse 5:67 (O Messenger! proclaim the (message) which hath been sent to thee from thy Lord. If thou didst not, thou wouldst not have fulfilled and proclaimed His mission. And Allah will defend thee from men (who mean mischief). For Allah guideth not those who reject Faith) is revealed at Ghadir day and is about declaring political leadership of Ali after prophet.

Both Sunni and Shia Muslims accept happening of Ghadir event But different interpret. Some Sunni writers tried to reject the event of Ghadir as declare of leadership of Ali and said at Ghadir prophet only wanted to say Ali is my friend and no one should bother him. Ali had 3 different missions to Yemen by prophet during 10 years and in 2 of them some companions of prophet had some conflicts with Ali and and prophet said some sayings about Ali to solve conflicts and some sunni writers have mixed stories of missions of Ali to Yemen with story of Ghadir to prove Ghadir event is not about Leadership of Ali and is not important.

Shia scholars believe some Sunni writers have changed and deviated historical evidences about political leadership of Ali in old historical books and republished them to destroy evidences of leadership of Ali from old Sunni books.

The famous Shia book Al-Ghadir (الغدير) by Allameh Amini is a collection of evidences and proofs for Ghadir Events written after referring to 100,000 Sunni books and full reading of 10,000 sunny books. Allameh Amini is a famous Shia scholar and spent 40 years of his life in travelling to access original old Sunni books in libraries in different countries to write this 20 volume book only from Sunni books and not using any Shia book. Some Sunni scholars tried to reply this book but then said if we want to reply this book we should first destroy all books of ourselves.

Shia doctrine have root in Karbala tragedy. When tragedy of Karbala happened most of Iranians understood there is two different kinds of Islam and after happening of Karbala tragedy most of Iranians became followers of "Ahl al-Bayt" and forgive their lives for them like what they did in Iranian Revolution and Iran-Iraq War. Shia Muslims have at least 120,000 Hadith (saying) from The Fourteen Infallibles that is the base of Shia Islam along with Quran. Shia believes according to " Hadith of the two weighty things" The Fourteen Infallibles are the only valid interpreters of Quran and sayings of them are from God because they are Representative of God in earth and they do not say anything from themselves. Shia believes 12th of them (Mahdi) is alive and because people have killed all 11 Imams before him, he is in hide like Jesus and will come out of hide toghether with Jesus when people become ready and want to accept his leadership. All 11 Imams have been killed and during their life thy all have been in prison or under hard control of government to not have any political action. They never had enough serious followers to can get political power. Among them only the sixth Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq was relatively free in his life to have only scientific activities (but banned from any political action) and so only he is known in west because he established university and had students from all over the world. Westerns know him as a polymath: an astronomer, alchemist, Imam, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, writer, philosopher, physician, physicist and scientist. He was also the teacher of the famous chemist, Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), and of Abū Ḥanīfa, the founder of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence. He never wanted be a famous man and only shared his knowledge with who wanted to learn. Some researchers consider his teachings the root cause of renaissance.

Sunni Muslims also accept Mahdi and his worldwide leadership as Caliph of God in earth at end of world. There is a famous Hadith from prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that Mahdi at hide is like sun behind cloud, he is hidden from people but people receive his benefits. Shia Muslims say some faithful believers have connection with Mahdi and use his knowledge. Shia Muslims believe that it is proved at least 1000 persons have had connection and talk with Mahdi during his hide period but Any one having relation with Mahdi keep it and does not declare it in public until is alive.

It may be debatable, however, considering the spiritual and worldly achievements together, we can safely say that the Muslim Empire under the rule of second righteous Caliph Hazrat Umar Farooq (RAU) made the greatest achievements.

The Islamic religion has had a immense impact on the ancient and modern world.

During the Crusades, Christian and Muslims clashed in battle for Jerusalem. Afterwards, people had a varied opinion on their radical beliefs and "Jihad" holy wars.

On September 11th, the bombing of the World Trade Center and Pentagon by Muslim extremists gave a negative impulse to the victims and to many people worldwide who witnessed the crisis.

However, a handful of ignorant, uneducated individuals should not cast a shadow of generalization upon Islam. Islam does not support or promote killing or violence.

Like Judaism and Christianity, the Islamic religion is monotheistic, or has a belief in one absolute God or divine deity. All three are correlated in the roots of God and praise Moses, Jesus and God as one. The Muslims acknowledge the Old and New Testaments of the Bible and include the last chapter, the Torah as the true revelation of God's plan for Humanity. So all in all, those who are part of one of these big three religions denounce or persecute those of another, but in the end they are all related in one big cosmic and realistic way.

Well the difference between Muslim community of Muhammad and the society of Arab is because the Muslim's concerns about God while the Arab believes in God and his oneness