0
Human Behavior
The study of human behavior which is affected by genetics, perceived behaviorial controls, attitude, and societal norms
7,055 Questions
applied sociology. This approach involves using sociological theories and methods to address real-world issues and solve practical problems in areas such as businesses, government, education, and healthcare. The goal is to use sociological insights to create positive social change and improve the functioning of organizations and institutions.
What are some reasons why a person would mimic someone else's voice?
A person may mimic someone else's voice as a form of admiration or to show empathy. It could also be a way of fitting in or trying to establish a closer connection with that person. Mimicking someone's voice can also be a subconscious behavior in some individuals.
Tolerant behavior involves respecting and accepting differences in opinions, beliefs, and lifestyles without being judgmental. It involves being open-minded, understanding, and patient towards others even when you may not agree with them.
What are small problems people have to face every day?
Some small problems people have to face every day might include:
- not getting enough sleep
- needing to work
- not having a job
- looking for a job
- where did I put my car keys
- who will watch the kids while I work
- kids misbehaving
- heavy traffic
- long commutes
- little money
- little freedom
- losing more rights
- less vacation time or vacation money
- family arguments
- what's for dinner
- how to pay high gasoline prices
- how to pay rising utility prices
- threat of foreclosures on home
- bankruptcy
- can't go shopping
- aging parents who need care
- bank or other services not open when I need
- rude people
- impatient people
- liars
- betrayers
- friends or family disappoint
- it rains on my day off
I wouldn't say that the study of normal behaviour is more important than that of abnormal behaviour; however, to determine what behaviour actually is abnormal, you need a sense of what constitutes "normal" behaviour to compare it to.
Why do kids stick their tongue out?
Kids may stick out their tongues as a developmental phase to explore their bodies and the world around them. It may also be a sign of concentration or a way to mimic adults. In some cases, it could also be a sensory or motor response.
Sometimes it helps to have the perspective of someone else who experienced the same thing you face. Their experiences can help us make better choices about how we respond to a specific situation. However, the best way to understand yourself is to try to be objective about evaluating why you made decisions and think about those decisions to see if they reflect the person you want to be. If so, good--keep up the good work. If not, reevaluate how you will respond in the future.
Positive and negative consequences of deviance?
Positive consequences of deviance can include challenging societal norms and prompting social change. Negative consequences can involve ostracism, legal repercussions, and a breakdown of social order.
What are some Italian personality traits?
Some customs and traditions of Italy are catholism, olive oil, fascism, pasta, gold and fruit trees/ vines everywhere. Also a very traditional Christmas day. Also, building a ceppo ( a sort of a Italian Christmas tree also known as the tree of light) near Christmas time is a past time. Having a feast of seafood on Chritsmas eve also. For children on Christmas, they expect La Befana (instead of Santa!) to give them gifts.
If you hate white people and you are white are you racist?
If you hate white people you probably have a personality disorder, usually a lack of self esteem. Hatred of people based only on their association with a specific group is irrational hate. This type of hate is based in insecurity and derives a sense of self worth by determining that a person or group of people are of a lower status.
You have a not so uncommon psychological disorder known as self-loathing. see link
What Behaviors that individuals can expect from others?
Individuals can expect others to behave with respect, honesty, empathy, and reliability in their interactions. Consistent communication, collaboration, and support are also behaviors that can typically be expected from others.
Media affects use daily in the actions we take. Media generally involves: Newspapers, News, Movies, Magazines. Movies contain an explicit amount of sex, drugs and money. People are consumed by such priorities that the re-enact these scenes without even knowing it. Children shouldn't be exposed to such movies. It's not healthy for them to know "how to have sex" or anything by that manner.
Religion also affects behavior processes in the actions taken worldwide. We're currently at war, and religion is what holds and ties the enemy together. Whether it's morally right or wrong to use it as an excuse to commit crimes, it's really something to ponder heavily upon.
If you have a dysfunctional family, chances are you will resemble it by your personality. Whether you like it or not, if you live with a very violent family, you too will be violent; whether you like it or not. It depends all on you whether you want to change for the better good or remain the same.
As a practical matter an individual needs to work?
Working is often necessary for individuals to earn a living, support themselves financially, and meet their basic needs. It also provides a sense of purpose, structure, and social interaction. Furthermore, work can offer opportunities for personal growth, skill development, and career advancement.
Observe those around them; take on their mannerisms in dress and speech, sometimes even in belief system - even if only on the surface. They embrace the culture of their new surroundings - to fit in. Learn the language.
They do this to become part of the group that they have chosen to join, otherwise they would not have made the move. People, as a group want to be accepted by the group / pack. They want to fit in.
What is the British gangster genre?
* Wikipedia: A crime film, in the most general sense, is a film that involves various aspects crime and the criminal justice system. Stylistically, it can fall under many different genres, most commonly drama, thriller, mystery and film noir. Films focused on the Mafia are a typical example of crime films.
Is it ok to tell someone that they are not being rational?
It's generally more effective to address the behavior or statements directly without labeling them as irrational. You can ask questions to understand their perspective and gently point out any possible inconsistencies in their reasoning to help guide the conversation towards a more rational approach.
What is better common sense or intelligence?
Both common sense and intelligence are valuable qualities. Common sense refers to practical knowledge and judgment gained from experience, while intelligence is the ability to think, learn, and problem-solve. Ideally, having a balance of both can help an individual navigate various situations effectively.
What are Example of mores in the philippines?
its the
the learned behaviour, shared by a social group, that provides a traditional mode ofconduct. According to the American sociologist William Graham Sumner, who coined the term, folkways are social conventions that are not considered to be of moral significance by members of the group (e.g., customary behaviour for use of the telephone). The folkways of groups, like the habits of individuals, originate in the frequent repetition of acts that prove successful for satisfying basic human needs. These acts become uniform and are widely accepted. Folkways operate primarily at an unconscious level and persist because they are expedient.
What is the oldest theoretical explanation for deviant behavior?
One of the oldest theoretical explanations for deviant behavior is the "demonological" perspective, which attributes deviance to supernatural or demonic influences. This perspective was prominent in ancient societies where unusual behavior was often seen as evidence of possession by evil spirits or supernatural forces.
Woman are not particularly evil. Woman are good at seeing weakness in others, which they quite often will use to their own advantage. A man who is desperate to find love, will be used and abused, often with a lighter wallet. A man who abuses his right to live and others, will have a lot of woman wanting to do the same. It all comes down to the fight of the strongest, which unlike men, woman are more passive about it.
Answer:
In many places, the Scripture tells us all are evil - no distinctions:
Ecclesiastes 9:3New King James Version (NKJV)3 This is an evil in all that is done under the sun: that one thing happens to all. Truly the hearts of the sons of men are full of evil; madness is in their hearts while they live, and after that they go to the dead.
Narcissism
What are some Examples of covert discrimination?
Covert discrimination is hidden or subtle discrimination. It is opposed to overt discrimination, which is open and obvious.
Some examples of covert discrimination are:
- not hiring someone because you think the person is gay
- not voting for a candidate because he or she is a certain race
- having only friends of a certain race, though there are many people of different races that would like to be your friends
- a teacher giving a lower grade to someone whose religion she disagrees with
- an employer hiring someone of the same race even though someone of a different race has better qualifications
- people avoiding a person solely because the person is poor
What is the part of the limbic system involved in regulation of the emotions of fear and rage?
The amygdala is the part of the limbic system responsible for regulating emotions such as fear and rage. It plays a key role in processing emotional responses and in the formation of emotional memories.
What is need and significance of social control?
Dhruv Tanwani concluded that
Importance and need of Social control-
1- To maintain the old order is essential for every group.. Family helps in the realization of this objective. The elder members of the family enforce their ideas over the children. In religious and cultural functions senior members of family influence the behavior of youngsters
2-To check maladjustment. Society is subject to change . New discoveries, new inventions, new philosophies continue to take birth in society. But all members have to adjusted, which is not automatically process but by guidelines of elders this progress takes place in family.
3-To provide social sanction-there are numbers of folkways, mores, traditions, patterns exist in society .Every individual has to follow them. if any member violates the rules ,he is compelled through social control to observe them.
4-To control individual behavior-Each and every person in family and society has different type of attitude ,thinking, ideology ,behavior patters. Even Same parents children have different ways of working. Therefore chances of clashing with other are more .Due to weapon f social control all members live peacefully together.
5-To eastablish social unity- Without this weapon of social control all members peacefully live together, is mere dream. Generally all family members behave in same manner when food or other religious activity take place.
6-To maintain permanency of the organization - there are some groups in society, which have great responsibilty to take efforts to make it permanent in nature. For example due to cultural clash inter caste marriage is not allowed in many families any member go against either has to leave that family.
Types of Social Control-
A -Direct and indirect control-According to Karl Menheim there are two types of control called Direct and indirect control. The direct control is done by near and dear ones or with whom we keep physical proximity. The parents neighborhood persons ,friends, teachers ,playgroup members are agencies of direct control With the help of suggestion, punishment, scolding crticism, appreciation ,reward this form does work. The control done by big organizations like police,law, state ,courts are form of indirect control.
2 -Positive and Negative control-According to Kimbal Young by positive control we mean control done by giving awards, appreciations, admiration, certificates etc.This can be seen in Military services and school. Positive control does not mean giving costly iteams to concerned persons. Giving piece of toffee to children do great work. The negative control consist physical punishment, fine, criticism ,isolation etc.Death sentence is example of physical punishment. For good work people get first type of awards and for disobeying rules they get punishment.
3 Informal and formal social controlThe social values that are present in individuals are products of informal social control. It is exercised by a society without explicitly stating these rules and is expressed through customs, norms, and mores. Individuals are socialized whether consciously or subconsciously. During informal sanctions, ridicule or criticism cause a straying towards norms. Through this form of socialization, the person will internalize these mores and norms. Traditional society uses mostly informal social control embedded in its customary culture relying on the socialization of its members to establish social order. More rigidly-structured societies may place increased reliance on formal mechanisms.Informal sanctions may include ridicule, sarcasm, criticism and disapproval. In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion. This implied social control usually has more effect on individuals because they become internalized and thus an aspect of personality.
As with formal controls, informal controls reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behavior (i.e., deviance). Informal controls are varied and differ from individual to individual, group to group and society to society. For example, at a women's institute meeting, a disapproving look might convey the message that it is inappropriate to flirt with the minister. In a criminal gang, on the other hand, a stronger sanction would be applied in the case of someone threatening to inform to the police.[3]
Formal social controlFormal social control is expressed through law as statutes, rules, and regulations against deviant behavior. It is conducted by government and organizations using law enforcement mechanisms and other formal sanctions such as fines and imprisonment.[2] In democratic societies the goals and mechanisms of formal social control are determined through legislation by elected representatives and thus enjoy a measure of support from the population and voluntary compliance.In short formal control is done by big and complicated organizations( law, court ,police, administration etc) while simple and less complicated societies have informal control arrangements(tradition, folkways, religion family etc).
4- Autocratic and democratic control-On the basis of political system Lapiear has classified it in term of Autocratic and democratic control. In communist and patriarchal or monarchical societies, autocratic control exist, where keeping one motto in minds people are exploited and controlled by administrative agencies .In democratic control ,people's own representatives solve the problems through public opinion, conversations, public appeals etc. In democracy control form is more flexible. The rule or administration which is not in favor of welfare of society are removed by common consent.
Mechanism of Social control-In sociology a mechanism is a set of rules designed to bring about a certain outcome through the interaction of a number of agents each of whom maximizes their own utility. Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... "Control's real name is bondage. The logical conclusion would be, if giving up some rights produces a better society, then by giving up all our rights we could produce a perfect society." -( Citizens' Rule Book)"Man is born into society just as an ant is born into its ant-hill or a bee into its hive; man is born into society from the very moment that he takes his first step toward humanity, from the moment that he becomes a human being that is, a being possessing to a greater or lesser extent the power of thought and speech. Man does not choose society; on the contrary, he is the product of the latter, and he is just as inevitably subject to the natural laws governing his essential development as to all the other natural laws which he must obey." - Mikhail Bakunin"Society exists for the benefit of its members - not the members for the benefit of society." - Herbert Spencer
There are many ways which has been described by lapier to make social control more powerful; they are as follow-1-Control through physical punishment- In any political social system if any person dis-obeys the rules of state he is physically punished. Keeping person in jail or prison is example of physical punishment. Same way death sentence and boycotting by society are some examples of physical punishment.2- learners can recognize the direct effects of reward more easily than they can the effects of punishment; and (2) the by-products of reward are more favorable. For example, reward leads to liking the rewarded task, but punishment leads to dislike of the punished deed.Control through fine and reward.-In all the societies disobeying of rules are occurred. For this every society impose certain burdens on mankind. When these are financial in terms ,it is called fine. To encourage people to undertake desired activities ,which are making society in good shape, people get reward in form of money or prices etc.3-Social control through respect and crticism-Children learn most of their behaviors by associating them with consequences. If a child cries for a toy, he may get it (a pleasant consequence, a reward), or he may be punished for crying (an unpleasant consequence, a punishment). Either consequence, especially when repeated over time, can lead to a behavior pattern- the child cries when he wants something or he learns to hold back his crying. Pleasant consequences (rewards) are usually more effective behavior modifiers than unpleasant consequences (punishment). It is not only the type of reward, but also how it is used that determines how effective it will be. Rewards can be either tangible or intangible. Tangible rewards can include things like toys, books, favorite foods or other special gifts. At school it might be a sticker or a star on a good piece of work. For an older child, a financial reward is often a way of encouraging good behavior. Intangible rewards include praise, time with Mom or Dad for a special activity, or it can be something as simple as extra play, TV or computer time. Showing interest in completed work and projects, or in schoolwork in general are intangible rewards that can work.4- Social control through insulting and honoring- The reward must also be meaningful to the child. What we think of as a privilege for one child may in fact may be a punishment for another and vice versa. Staying in from recess may be punishment for the child who is outgoing, but may be a blessing in disguise for the shy child. Some dos and don'ts of using rewards and punishment include:Reward only occasionally and vary the reward. Overuse leads to ineffectiveness.
Reward extra effort. When your child does more than expected, and is rewarded for it, the reward becomes motivation to continue to go beyond the call of duty. Same way insult a student in class is good punishment and give piece of pencil to another child is good honor.Means of social control-The personality of every person include two aspects ,namely I- internal ,which consist our ideas ,thinking, ideology, psychology, faiths etc and II- external aspect which is related with our external behavior. To control both aspects there are two types of control called informal and formal means of control. Informal means of control are family, play group ,religion, ,folkways, mores, customs, morals etc. Formal agencies of control are state laws ,educational organization ,propaganda, leadership ,etc. we will discuss on these points in detail.1-Family - The family fulfils many important functions in society, but the kinds of functions vary from one culture to another. In most societies, the family is the social unit into which children are born. The family also provides protection and training for the children. Human beings are born helpless and need care for several years after birth. Family life also helps children become familiar with the culture of their society.It is true family is first education institute of the society. Due to deep and reciprocal relationship among family members they are directly influence by each other. The day starts in family by various prayers and good wishes. Each member let others known that they are only well wishers .As family does sacrifice for other members so feeling of oneness works great. if some child does mischievous behavior with non-family members ,the affected people go to his family for complaint. It is very powerful means of control.2-Play group- age group and play group also control the all members. As membership of play group depends on similar goals ,therefore they directly give play instructions to each other. The more active and skillful in game is leader of the group ,therefore he gives training and other tips of game to junior or less trained persons. Play with discipline is first condition of the group. The discipline itself is means of control.3-Religion- Religion has been one of the most powerful forces in history. The teachings of religions have shaped the lives of people since prehistoric times. Judaism, Islam, and especially Christianity have been major influences in the formation of Western culture. These three faiths, particularly Islam, have also played a crucial role in the development of Middle Eastern culture. The cultures of Asia have been shaped by Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Shinto, and Taoism. Most religions have been influenced by older religions.In primitive societies this is the only means to control the behavior of members of community. In ancient societies even kings have ruled according to religious instructions. To follow moral values is related to religion. Even today court gives oath of religious book "Geeta" to persons who are at trial. The religion says involve own self in welfare activities so that person's rebirth will glorified. Religion is not only means of social control but it is also means of self control. In Hindus ,non vegetarian food is sin so one should avoid it. Therefore majority of Hindus do not like to have such food.4-Folways-these are recognized ways modes of behavior whicharise automatically with in a group. they are in general habits patterns of of the individuals and are common to a group.they are sanctioned and approved by society.No body tries to violate the rules of folkways.they are fundamentals for every group.A particular type food and dress should be used on particular day or function. During mourning period simple and white dress is preferable.Such dresses should be avoided at marriage parties.5 Mores-Mores have more rigidity than folkways.one can disobey folkways but one cannot disobey to mores. As mores has great role in establishing of marriage and family so ,it should strictly have to follow by such members. Mores have value judgment so always mould human behavior. They are instrument of control like Monogamy is mores.So no body can have more than one spouse during his life time. Mores are customs that reflect a society's ideas about right and wrong. Examples of mores include the prohibitions in many societies against murder, cannibalism, and incest (sexual relations between closely related persons). People who violate the mores of the society to which they belong face severe disapproval and punishment. The term mores comes from a Latin word that means customs.6-Customs-these are very strong means of control. Famous novelist Shakespeare has called it king of injustice, while Beckon has given it "name of chief judge of man's life" .Prohibition of inter-caste marriage, widow remarriage are some significant customs which are equally followed by educated families .7-Morals-Moral values play important role in society. Kind heart ,non-violence,justice,, speaking truth, respect to elders and helpful attitude are bsics of morals.these are means of self control.Informal means-8-State laws- Law is the set of enforced rules under which a society is governed. Law is one of the most basic social institutions--and one of the most necessary. No society could exist if all people did just as they pleased, without regard for the rights of others. Nor could a society exist if its members did not recognize that they also have certain obligations toward one another. The law thus establishes the rules that define a person's rights and obligations. The law also sets penalties for people who violate these rules, and it states how government shall enforce the rules and penalties. However, the laws enforced by government can be changed. In fact, laws frequently are changed to reflect changes in a society's needs and attitudes.This is very powerful tool of control. Law decides duties and rights of the person. The Anti social activities are well controlled by this way. Law means combination of Government ,police ,courts, and other local administration. Sometimes law also takes help from folkways and mores.9-Educational system-Schools and other educational systems play good role in controlling concerned people .In ancient times during Brahimcharya students an teachers had direct relations like family. and informal control was there. but now due to developed system of education there is formal control over students.10-Propogenda-Through this means repetition of requests and appeals influenced man perfectly.The way of expressing thoughts through TV and other electronic means are very attractive and polite.During election how people go for propogenda.This is psychological tool of controlling.11-Leadership- A leader of image has power to impress masses. This is the reason why various political parties called big leaders for election camping. Leader are not only political but ,they can be seen in every field. Leaders motivate the public for particular behavior .Religious leaders attracts crowd in their camps and tents. Medha Patekar and Kiran Bedi are some social leaders.Leadership is important in keeping the group working together and directing it to act in a certain way. Leadership skill is particularly important when conflicts arise. Leaders must use all their human relations skills to accommodate conflicting interests within their group. A group usually responds to its leader because it respects the leader's wisdom or experience or agrees with his or her opinion.dhruv tanwani ,Sociologist RanchiUnit II concept 4 Social ControlEvery society must have harmony and unity. without it no society actually could remain in existence. To maintain the society effectively ,it needs some rules and regulation. in other words behavior patters for members are essential. To obey and follow these rules and regulation society needs its implementation. There are various ways to implement such things. In other words we can say some special type of behavior is expected from members of society. Such expected or controlled behavior is called social control.
Social control means , control of individual behavior by society, and that control of social institutions should be in the interest and welfare of the whole society. Some warnings and directions of prohibited activities, are an example of social control
Social control refers to social mechanisms that regulate individual and group behavior, leading to conformity and compliances to the rules of a given society or social group. Many mechanisms of social control are cross-cultural, if only in the control mechanisms used to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie. Some theorists, such as Emile Durkheim, refer to this form of control as regulation.
Definitions of Social Control.
When we use this word, the ideas which generally comes in mind is of police .court ,law, force, prison of force and harassment. But in sociological term it is used in broader sense. Social control has been defined by MacIver as "the way in which entire social order coheres and maintain itself-how it operates as a whole ,as a changing equilibrium."1(Society p137)
To Ogburn and Nimkoff;"the patterns of pressure which a society exerts to maintain order and established rules ."
Landis defines social control,"as a social process by which individualis made group -responsive ,and by which social organization is built and maintained." (Social Control.p.4)
Lumely expresses social control,"as the practice of putting forth directive, stimuli or wish-patterns, their accurate transmission to and adoptionby,other whethe voluntarily or in voluntarily."(Means of Socila control.p13.)
On the basis of above definition it is cleared that social control is different from concept of self control. To undrstand more this concept. there are three important things to learn.
1- social control is an influence ,which may be exerted through various means of control like public opinion, force, public appeal, social ,religious organizations.
2- This influence should be implemented by society-there are so many groups who exercise this influence, like family, trade union church ,state, school ,neighborhood, clubs, religious groups etc.
3- The influence should be exercised for promoting the welfare and interest of the entire group.
Sociologists identify two basic forms of social controls
1. Internalization of norms and values, and
2. The use of sanctions, which can be either positive (rewards) or negative (punishment).
Applications of social control theoryAccording to the propaganda model theory, the leaders of modern, corporate-dominated societies employ indoctrination as a means of social control. Theorists such as Noam Chomsky have argued that systematic bias exists in the modern media.[4] The marketing, advertising, and public relations industries have thus been said to utilize mass communications to aid the interests of certain business elites. Powerful economic and religious lobbyists have often used school systems and centralized electronic communications to influence public opinion. Democracy is restricted as the majority is not given the information necessary to make rational decisions about ethical, social, environmental, or economic issues.In order to maintain control and regulate their subjects, authoritarian organizations and governments promulgate rules and issue decrees. However, due to a lack of popular support for enforcement, these entities may rely more on force and other severe sanctions such as censorship, expulsion and limits on political freedom. Some totalitarian governments, such as the late Soviet Union or the current North Korea, rely on the mechanisms of the police state.
Sociologists consider informal means of social control vital in maintaining public order, but also recognize the necessity of formal means as societies become more complex and for responding to emergencies. The study of social control falls primarily within the academic disciplines of anthropology, political science, and sociology.
Importace and need of Social control-
1- To maintain the old order is essential for every group.. Family helps in the realization of this objective. The elder members of the family enforce their ideas over the children. In religious and cultural functions senior members of family influence the behavior of youngers.
2-To check maladjustment. Society is subject to change . New discoveries, new inventions, new philosophies continue to take birth in society. But all members have to adjusted, which is not automatically process but by guidelines of elders this progress takes place in family.
3-To provide social sanction-there are numbers of folkways, mores, traditions, patterns exist in society .Every individual has to follow them. if any member violates the rules ,he is compelled through social control to observe them.
4-To control individual behavior-Each and every person in family and society has different type of attitude ,thinking, ideology ,behavior patters. Even Same parents children have different ways of working. Therefore chances of clashing with other are more .Due to weapon f social control all members live peacefully together.
5-To eastablishsocial unity- Without this weapon of social control all members peacefully live together, is mere dream. Generally all family members behave in same manner when food or other religious activity take place.
6-To maintain permanency of the organization - there are some groups in society, which have great responsibilty to take efforts to make it permanent in nature. For example due to cultural clash inter caste marriage is not allowed in many families.If any member go against it,he has to leave that family.
Types of Social Control-
A-Direct and indirect control-According to Karl Menheim there are two types of control called Direct and indirect control. The direct control is done by near and dear ones or with whom we keep physical proximity. The parents neighborhood persons ,friends, teachers ,playgroup members are agencies of direct control With the help of suggestion, punishment, scolding crticism, appreciation ,reward this form does work. The control done by big organizations like police,law, state ,courts are form of indirect control.
B-Positive and Negative control-According to Kimbal Young by positive control we mean control done by giving awards, appreciations, admiration, certificates etc.This can be seen in Military services and school. Positive control does not mean giving costly iteams to concerned persons. Giving piece of toffee to children do great work. The negative control consist physical punishment, fine, criticism ,isolation etc.Death sentence is example of physical punishment. For good work people get first type of awards and for disobeying rules they get punishment.
C-Informal and formal social controlThe social values that are present in individuals are products of informal social control. It is exercised by a society without explicitly stating these rules and is expressed through customs, norms, and mores. Individuals are socialized whether consciously or subconsciously. During informal sanctions, ridicule or criticism cause a straying towards norms. Through this form of socialization, the person will internalize these mores and norms. Traditional society uses mostly informal social control embedded in its customary culture relying on the socialization of its members to establish social order. More rigidly-structured societies may place increased reliance on formal mechanisms.Informal sanctions may include ridicule, sarcasm, criticism and disapproval. In extreme cases sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion. This implied social control usually has more effect on individuals because they become internalized and thus an aspect of personality.
As with formal controls, informal controls reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behavior (i.e., deviance). Informal controls are varied and differ from individual to individual, group to group and society to society. For example, at a women's institute meeting, a disapproving look might convey the message that it is inappropriate to flirt with the minister. In a criminal gang, on the other hand, a stronger sanction would be applied in the case of someone threatening to inform to the police.[3]
Formal social controlFormal social control is expressed through law as statutes, rules, and regulations against deviant behavior. It is conducted by government and organizations using law enforcement mechanisms and other formal sanctions such as fines and imprisonment.[2] In democratic societies the goals and mechanisms of formal social control are determined through legislation by elected representatives and thus enjoy a measure of support from the population and voluntary compliance.In short formal control is done by big and complicated organizations( law, court ,police, administration etc) while simple and less complicated societies have informal control arrangements(tradition, folkways, religion family etc).
4- Autocratic and democratic control-On the basis of political system Lapiear has classified it in term of Autocratic and democratic control. In communist and patriarchal or monarchical societies, autocratic control exist, where keeping one motto in minds people are exploited and controlled by administrative agencies .In democratic control ,people's own representatives solve the problems through public opinion, conversations, public appeals etc. In democracy control form is more flexible. The rule or administration which is not in favor of welfare of society are removed by common consent.
Mechanism of Social control-In sociology a mechanism is a set of rules designed to bring about a certain outcome through the interaction of a number of agents each of whom maximizes their own utility. Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... "Control's real name is bondage. The logical conclusion would be, if giving up some rights produces a better society, then by giving up all our rights we could produce a perfect society." -( Citizens' Rule Book)"Man is born into society just as an ant is born into its ant-hill or a bee into its hive; man is born into society from the very moment that he takes his first step toward humanity, from the moment that he becomes a human being that is, a being possessing to a greater or lesser extent the power of thought and speech. Man does not choose society; on the contrary, he is the product of the latter, and he is just as inevitably subject to the natural laws governing his essential development as to all the other natural laws which he must obey." - Mikhail Bakunin"Society exists for the benefit of its members - not the members for the benefit of society." - Herbert Spencer
There are many ways which has been described by lapier to make social control more powerful; they are as follow-1-Control through physical punishment- In any political social system if any person dis-obeys the rules of state he is physically punished. Keeping person in jail or prison is example of physical punishment. Same way death sentence and boycotting by society are some examples of physical punishment.2- learners can recognize the direct effects of reward more easily than they can the effects of punishment; and (2) the by-products of reward are more favorable. For example, reward leads to liking the rewarded task, but punishment leads to dislike of the punished deed.Control through fine and reward.-In all the societies disobeying of rules are occurred. For this every society impose certain burdens on mankind. When these are financial in terms ,it is called fine. To encourage people to undertake desired activities ,which are making society in good shape, people get reward in form of money or prices etc.3-Social control through respect and crticism-Children learn most of their behaviors by associating them with consequences. If a child cries for a toy, he may get it (a pleasant consequence, a reward), or he may be punished for crying (an unpleasant consequence, a punishment). Either consequence, especially when repeated over time, can lead to a behavior pattern- the child cries when he wants something or he learns to hold back his crying. Pleasant consequences (rewards) are usually more effective behavior modifiers than unpleasant consequences (punishment). It is not only the type of reward, but also how it is used that determines how effective it will be. Rewards can be either tangible or intangible. Tangible rewards can include things like toys, books, favorite foods or other special gifts. At school it might be a sticker or a star on a good piece of work. For an older child, a financial reward is often a way of encouraging good behavior. Intangible rewards include praise, time with Mom or Dad for a special activity, or it can be something as simple as extra play, TV or computer time. Showing interest in completed work and projects, or in schoolwork in general are intangible rewards that can work.4- Social control through insulting and honoring- The reward must also be meaningful to the child. What we think of as a privilege for one child may in fact may be a punishment for another and vice versa. Staying in from recess may be punishment for the child who is outgoing, but may be a blessing in disguise for the shy child. Some dos and don'ts of using rewards and punishment include:Reward only occasionally and vary the reward. Overuse leads to ineffectiveness.
Reward extra effort. When your child does more than expected, and is rewarded for it, the reward becomes motivation to continue to go beyond the call of duty. Same way insult a student in class is good punishment and give piece of pencil to another child is good honor.Means of social control-The personality of every person include two aspects ,namely I- internal ,which consist our ideas ,thinking, ideology, psychology, faiths etc and II- external aspect which is related with our external behavior. To control both aspects there are two types of control called informal and formal means of control. Informal means of control are family, play group ,religion, ,folkways, mores, customs, morals etc. Formal agencies of control are state laws ,educational organization ,propaganda, leadership ,etc. we will discuss on these points in detail.1-Family - The family fulfils many important functions in society, but the kinds of functions vary from one culture to another. In most societies, the family is the social unit into which children are born. The family also provides protection and training for the children. Human beings are born helpless and need care for several years after birth. Family life also helps children become familiar with the culture of their society.It is true family is first education institute of the society. Due to deep and reciprocal relationship among family members they are directly influence by each other. The day starts in family by various prayers and good wishes. Each member let others known that they are only well wishers .As family does sacrifice for other members so feeling of oneness works great. if some child does mischievous behavior with non-family members ,the affected people go to his family for complaint. It is very powerful means of control.2-Play group- age group and play group also control the all members. As membership of play group depends on similar goals ,therefore they directly give play instructions to each other. The more active and skillful in game is leader of the group ,therefore he gives training and other tips of game to junior or less trained persons. Play with discipline is first condition of the group. The discipline itself is means of control.3-Religion- Religion has been one of the most powerful forces in history. The teachings of religions have shaped the lives of people since prehistoric times. Judaism, Islam, and especially Christianity have been major influences in the formation of Western culture. These three faiths, particularly Islam, have also played a crucial role in the development of Middle Eastern culture. The cultures of Asia have been shaped by Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Shinto, and Taoism. Most religions have been influenced by older religions.In primitive societies this is the only means to control the behavior of members of community. In ancient societies even kings have ruled according to religious instructions. To follow moral values is related to religion. Even today court gives oath of religious book "Geeta" to persons who are at trial. The religion says involve own self in welfare activities so that person's rebirth will glorified. Religion is not only means of social control but it is also means of self control. In Hindus ,non vegetarian food is sin so one should avoid it. Therefore majority of Hindus do not like to have such food.4-Folways-these are recognized ways modes of behavior whicharise automatically with in a group. they are in general habits patterns of of the individuals and are common to a group.they are sanctioned and approved by society.No body tries to violate the rules of folkways.they are fundamentals for every group.A particular type food and dress should be used on particular day or function. During mourning period simple and white dress is preferable.Such dresses should be avoided at marriage parties.5 Mores-Mores have more rigidity than folkways.one can disobey folkways but one cannot disobey to mores. As mores has great role in establishing of marriage and family so ,it should strictly have to follow by such members. Mores have value judgment so always mould human behavior. They are instrument of control like Monogamy is mores.So no body can have more than one spouse during his life time. Mores are customs that reflect a society's ideas about right and wrong. Examples of mores include the prohibitions in many societies against murder, cannibalism, and incest (sexual relations between closely related persons). People who violate the mores of the society to which they belong face severe disapproval and punishment. The term mores comes from a Latin word that means customs.6-Customs-these are very strong means of control. Famous novelist Shakespeare has called it king of injustice, while Beckon has given it "name of chief judge of man's life" .Prohibition of inter-caste marriage, widow remarriage are some significant customs which are equally followed by educated families .7-Morals-Moral values play important role in society. Kind heart ,non-violence,justice,, speaking truth, respect to elders and helpful attitude are bsics of morals.these are means of self control.Informal means-8-State laws- Law is the set of enforced rules under which a society is governed. Law is one of the most basic social institutions--and one of the most necessary. No society could exist if all people did just as they pleased, without regard for the rights of others. Nor could a society exist if its members did not recognize that they also have certain obligations toward one another. The law thus establishes the rules that define a person's rights and obligations. The law also sets penalties for people who violate these rules, and it states how government shall enforce the rules and penalties. However, the laws enforced by government can be changed. In fact, laws frequently are changed to reflect changes in a society's needs and attitudes.This is very powerful tool of control. Law decides duties and rights of the person. The Anti social activities are well controlled by this way. Law means combination of Government ,police ,courts, and other local administration. Sometimes law also takes help from folkways and mores.9-Educational system-Schools and other educational systems play good role in controlling concerned people .In ancient times during Brahimcharya students an teachers had direct relations like family. and informal control was there. but now due to developed system of education there is formal control over students.10-Propogenda-Through this means repetition of requests and appeals influenced man perfectly way of expressing thoughts through TV and other electronic means are very attractive and polite.During election how people go for propogenda.This is psychological tool of controlling.11-Leadership- A leader of image has power to impress masses. This is the reason why various political parties called big leaders for election camping. Leader are not only political but ,they can be seen in every field. Leaders motivate the public for particular behavior .Religious leaders attracts crowd in their camps and tents. Medha Patekar and Kiran Bedi are some social leaders.Leadership is important in keeping the group working together and directing it to act in a certain way. Leadership skill is particularly important when conflicts arise. Leaders must use all their human relations skills to accommodate conflicting interests within their group. A group usually responds to its leader because it respects the leader's wisdom or experience or agrees with his or her opinion.What character traits are exhibited by good citizens in their daily lives?
Good citizens exhibit traits such as honesty, respect for others, responsibility, empathy, and civic engagement in their daily lives. They follow laws and rules, contribute to their community, and strive to make a positive impact on society.
