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Immune System
This category is for questions about how our bodies identify and fight off disease, infection or pathogens through specialized cells, tissues and organs. The system that does this is called the immune system. It produces antibodies which recognize intruders and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.
4,548 Questions
What defenses does the digestives system have against pathogens?
The stomach (part of the digestive system) has a low pH (acidic), which kills pathogens.
Which patient would most likely be diagnosed with Addisons disease?
A patient being treated by a hormone doctor, immune system doctor or perhaps and internal medicine doctor who is on the ball can find and determine if a patient has Addison's disease. I could give you the many symptoms of Addison's disease but then you might think you have it. It is a tricky disease to diagnose and requires lab work, scans and a sharp doctor who can recognize it and not confuse the many symptoms that are in other diseases. Go to an endocrine doctor first and present the symptoms to him or her. You can claim you suspect the disease and explain why. The doctor will determine the proper course to take.
What kind of antibodies does type A and B produces?
Individuals with type A blood produce anti-B antibodies and individuals with type B produce anti A. There are many sub groups of blood antibodies such as D (Rh) but we usually only refer to the ABO systems.
How do vaccine exposure evoke immune response?
The Vaccine exposes the immune system to small doses of a disease so the immune system can recognize it and fight it off when its exposed to the real disease
Is chlorine the gas used by white blood cells to kill bacteria?
No. White blood cells do not use chlorine or any other gas. Chlorine would not be effective is it is as toxic to us as it is to bacteria. White blood cells kill bacteria by consuming them and then breaking them down with enzymes.
How does making the immune system stronger lengthen the life of a person with AIDS?
IF the immune system is strengthened the person is less susceptible to obtaining infections like pneumonia which can cause death if they don't have a fully functioning immune system
What does Influenza look like?
To view what the influenza virus looks like, you can go here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EM_of_influenza_virus.jpg
What is a difference between a mast cell and basophil?
The most important differences between a mast cell and a basophil are their origins, sizes, shapes of nucleus, and their locations in the body. They are both types of leukocytes (white blood cells), and granulocytes (containing granules), are responsible for similar allergic reactions, and they both are made in the bone marrow - however - they are derived from different progenitor cells - basophils are maturing in the bone marrow, and stay in the blood. - mast cells are leaving the bone marrrow in an inmature state, and are maturing in body tissues, (connective or mucosal), where the stay. - also differ in size, and the shape of their nuclei. More info could be found on related links.
Is there a name of a nail disorder in which a new toe nail grows underneath an exisisting toenail?
Don't know of the name, but it sounds like a fungus... they do crazy things.
The Kell Antigen system is a system of antigens on the surface of human's red blood cells. The antigens are the distinguishing factor in the human blood type and also important for the immunology of the human body.
Formation of T cell and B Cell?
B Cell B cells begin as stem cells in your long bone marrow.
Next they develop into pro B cells. In this stage of development the variable heavy chains of their antibodies are going under recombination (V,D,J). This is a change in their DNA which is irreversible.
The pro B cells develop into pre B cells. Here the variable heavy chains have finished recombination and the mu of the constant heavy chain is expressed on the cells surface. Each allele for the heavy chain had to undergo allelic expression. You receive each allele from both your parents, however, only one may be expressed. The next step within the pro B cell is to undergo division. This is important to divide at this step before the variable light chains recombine so that you have a large immune repertoire. If your B cells divided after the light chain recombination, all your B cells would express the same antibody. Lastly in this stage, the light chains begin to recombine to add to further diversity.
After all that is finished you have your immature B cell. In this stage the light chain alleles (V,J) have rearranged. Allelic exclusion has finished for the variable chain. The antibody expressed on the cell surface is complete as IgM.
Lastly, you have your mature naive B cell. It underwent RNA splicing of the heavy constant chain and the cell now expresses IgM and IgD on its surface. The B cell is will remain a naive B cell until it becomes activated in your secondary lymphoid system. If during development the B cell's antibodies react with self antigen it will either undergo apoptosis or anergy. Either way the body ensures that your B cells do not react with self before it goes out to your secondary lymphoid system.
What type of white blood cells make antibodies?
There are two types of white blood cell. The kind which secrete antibodies to kill microbes are called lymphocytes. The other type, which engulf microorganisms, are called phagocytes.
*Specifically, the type of lymphocyte (white blood cell) that produces antibodies would be plasma cells. After a B cell (a type of lymphocyte) undergoes clonal selection, the result is the formation of a clone of B cells that consists of plasma cells and memory B cells. Plasma cells secrete antibodies and memory B cells do not secrete antibodies.
Those pathogens that are difficult to grow in the laboratory, requires special media, longer time, and anaerobic condition.
antibody
Is mucus part of the adaptive or innate immune system?
Mucous is an innate immunity, it is a powerful early defense mechanism and highly effective physical barriers against microorganisms. Mucous can be found in respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract.
Antibodies do not have a nucleus, because they are not cells. Antibodies are globulin proteins.
What causes a person to get fungus on nails?
* Contamination from public pools, locker rooms, shared bathrooms and shower stalls or from family member to family member. * Stress on the foot from tight-fitting athletic socks and shoes. * Any footwear or hygiene practice that doesn't allow feet to stay dry. * Abnormal PH levels of the skin. * A compromised immune system (that is, through HIV or diabetes).
To learn the answer of the above question first we have to know about the blood characteristics.There are four major types of blood A, B, AB, and 0. The blood types are determined by proteins called antigens. This antigen is found on the surface of the Red Blood Cell (RBC). Basically there are two antigens, A and B. If you have the A antigen on the RBC, then you have type A blood. When B antigen is present, you have type B blood. When both A and B antigens are present, you have type AB blood. When either are present, you have type O blood. When an antigen is resent on the RBC, then the opposite antibody is present in the plasma. For instance, type A blood has anti-type-B antibodies. Type B blood has anti-type-A antibodies. Type AB blood has no antibodies in the plasma, and type O blood has both anti-type-A and anti-type-B antibodies in the plasma. These antibodies are not present at birth but are formed spontaneously during infancy and last throughout life. In addition to the ABO blood group system, there is an Rh blood group system. There are many Rh antigens that can be present on the surface of the RBC. The D antigen is the most common Rh antigen. If the D antigen is present, then that blood is Rh+. If the D antigen is missing, then the blood is Rh-. Blood is transfused to a patient after determining the blood group and matching the characteristics of both. In such case the immune system accepts the foreign object.
Will alcohol kill blood-borne pathogens?
Yes, it will. However, if the blood-borne pathogen is in your body, alcohol will do no good but make you drunk or die of alcohol poisoning!
The immune system is a system that protects your body from invaders such as bacteria viruses flu and other things without this we would all of died a long time ago.
