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Immune System
This category is for questions about how our bodies identify and fight off disease, infection or pathogens through specialized cells, tissues and organs. The system that does this is called the immune system. It produces antibodies which recognize intruders and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.
4,548 Questions
How does the immune system affect the respiratory system?
You breathe in something bad for you, like pollen for example, and your lymph nodes in the back of your mouth catch it, to keep the rest of your body from getting infected
Are pythons and acacondas immune to snake venom?
No. Pythons and Anacondas are constrictors and therefore lack venom.
They are not immune to the toxic effects, so if bitten by venomous snakes they will suffer the effects of the venom and die.
To what do antibodies respond?
Antibodies are secreted by a special group of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Each type of cell (including bacteria) has a unique protein on its cell membrane - an antigen. If a lymphocyte does not recognise a particular antigen, it will assume that the cell (or bacterium) is foreign and hostile. This is what antibodies respond to - the stimulus as the result of an unfamiliar cell. The antibodies attach to the antigens and kill the cell, or bacterium.
Why would your body build up an immune to penicillin?
The body does not build up immunity to penicillin. The bacteria that penicillin is designed to kill does. When you have a bacterial infection a doctor may prescribe penicillin to kill the bacteria off. As you take the penicillin more and more bacteria are killed within your system and you start to feel better. As you start to feel better you become less aware of the symptoms of the infection and are inclined to forget to keep taking the remainder if your penicillin (after all I feel fine you say) the problem however is that some of the bacteria are not killed of if the coarse of medicine is not finished. These bacteria are likely to form a resistance to penicillin as a result of their exposure making the illness harder to treat next time. Some illnesses that were once easily treated with penicillin are now very difficult or impossible to treat. Many as the direct result of over use or improper use of penicillin.
Antibodies are formed as the defence against antigen or pathogen which is consider as a foreign particle by body against whcih body immune system acts.
Antibodies are formed my activated B cells called plasma cell and are made of glycoproteins
What system has white blood cells?
The immune system uses white blood cells but they are produced and are part of the circulatory system.
How does the immune system respond to cedar pollen?
In the form of an allergic reaction*
First, the cedar pollen is mis-marked by an antibody, generally an IgE antibody.
The IgE can be picked up by two different cells - cells that destroy the pollen and cells that react to it. Those that destroy it will go on to alert the immune system of its presence, which will produce more antibodies and cause the person around the pollen to feel weaker, as well as cause a stronger allergic reaction.
The allergic reaction is caused by a cell known as the Mast Cell. The mast cell is hit with a pollen particle covered in antibodies. The cell reads these antibodies and produces a substance called histamine.
Histamine causes the skin to swell. As the skin swells, it tightens, which can cause irritation. In the eyes and throat this can cause the production of mucus.
Histamine can go to many different parts of the body. Most allergy sufferers suffer from swollen, runny noses (Runny noses are worsened by the swelling of mucus membranes in the eyes). This is histamine. Eyes may swell up and tear. This is histamine. The throat may become sore. This is histamine.
Another reaction is when the histamine attacks the skin rather than the mucus membranes. This can causes hives and the swelling of the entire face. We see this more in reaction to plant oils, like poison ivy.
* - not everyone will respond in an allergic reaction. In some people, the IgE antibodies will not bind to the pollen and thus the reaction is completely avoided.
What is the first signal required for activation of a T cell?
The first signal required to activate a T cell is MHC(Major Histocompatibility Complex) presenting an antigen(foreign peptide) to the T cell receptor.
Pathogens are prevented from spreading from an infected area by?
the complement system includes about 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood. the complement system provides major protection for our body.
B Cells
What are some situations that cause a high static condition in a hvac system?
High static pressure usually implies undersized ductwork, clogged filters, closed supply diffusers, etc.
Immunoturbidimetry measure the turbidity of a sample to determine the level of an analyte. Upon addition of the assay reagent, antibodies and antigen cluster to form an immune complex that precipitates, increasing the turbidity of the sample. When light is passed through the reaction solution, some light is scattered by the sample, some light is absorbed by the sample and the rest passes through the sample. Immunoturbidimetry measures the absorbance of the light by the sample The level of analyte is determined by comparison with a calibrator of known concentration.
sreejoyee
What kind of person was edward Jenner?
Edward Jenner was a kind gentle man. He even built a cottage for one of his vaccinated patients. Growing up in the countryside he developed a love for nature.
You will be happy that you chose to do Edward Jenner. I know I was.
By:Ashley Tisdale
The four modes of transfer of pathogens?
direct contact, fomite (indirect contact, object), vector (indirect contact, insect or animal), airborne (droplets, indirect contact)
Are there any problems associated with having over the RDA of Vitamin C?
There is no problem in taking vitamin C over RDA as it is water soluble and excess gets excreted in urine. Anyways there is no indication either for takind large doses of Vit. C.
What is the effect of alcohol on gluconeogenesis?
Increased ethanol will give increased NADH. Because NADH levels are higher, the body will produce more pyruvate and less lactate. Since lactate is a precursor for gluconeogenesis, gluconeogenesis will decrease.
How is The status of the immune system in someone with HIV infection can be monitored by checking?
checking antibody levels
What are the 2 types of your immune system?
Innate - cell-mediated immunity, rapid responses (because cells see bad guys and just shoot them), generally consistent over an individual's life time, regardless of pathogenic exposures. Usually works based on your cells recognising general "toll-like receptors", which is just another way of saying that they see a name tag saying "bad guy", but it doesn't say many details, like "bank robber" or "assasin", so your body deals with them but is less equipped to deal with them compared to the adaptive response.
Adaptive - antibody-mediated, slow responses (because cells see bad guys and have to run off to tell their supervisors, who then have to fill in paperwork before just setting up orange cones all around the bad guys, indicating to other cells that YES, there IS in fact a bad guy there). Very specific - one antibody for one specific receptor (every cell has hundreds, at least), and they only stick to that one, flagging it for destruction by the same cells that would have otherwise obliterated it anyway. But neon signs are always helpful for making things noticed. Anyway, the adaptive immune system changes as you come into contact with more pathogens, because your body makes antibody-producing cells, and they hang around so if you see that pathogen again, they can skip some of the paperwork and speed up the process.
