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Immune System

This category is for questions about how our bodies identify and fight off disease, infection or pathogens through specialized cells, tissues and organs. The system that does this is called the immune system. It produces antibodies which recognize intruders and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.

4,548 Questions

What are fingers nails made of?

hard hair or keratin which is made of the same substance as hair

A patient has HIV and therefore a weakened immune system. which of the following precaution measure would best protect the patient from common bacteria?

A patient of HIV has a weakened immune system because the virus kills the red blood cells. It is therefore important for HIV patients to protect themselves from bacteria by seeking medical help regularly.

What type of arthritis is believed to result from the immune systems attack on ones own joint tissues?

There are hundreds of types of arthritis. The most common variety that fits your description of the immune system attacking the joint tissue is Rheumatoid Arthritis. Another immunological disease is Psoriatic Arthritis, where it is believed the immune system attacks the skin as well as the joints.

What is ambiguous response?

An ambiguous response contains a message with more than one meaning. The words are highly abstract or have meanings private to the speaker alone.

Example:

Speaker A: "How can I be sure you mean it?"

Speaker B: "Who knows what anybody really means?"

Does Sean Murray on ncis have aids and that is why he has lost so much weight?

Actually speaking, he is perfectly fine. He does not have any health issues. He has just lost some weight and that is why people are tempted to think that he is sick. The good news is that, he is healthy and just fine. He lost weight using a good diet and workout regimen.

What does abnormal crystals and amorphous sediment in blood test mean?

Abnormal crystals and amorphous sediment are findings in a urine test, not a blood test. Suggests stones.

How does involvement of MHC 1 and MHC 2 help immune system?

MHC I

MHC I is present in all cells except red blood cells (they lack nuclei). MHC I will present an intravesicular antigen to the cells surface for it to be identified as self or foreign by your adaptive immunity cells.

MHC II

MHC II is present in professional antigen presenting cells which include: macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells. These cells will engulf bacteria, soluble proteins, viruses, etc. Whatever was taken into the cell becomes processed in the increasingly acidic endosome that eventually will cut the antigen into peptides. MHC II transported from the ER will meet up with this endosome and the peptides will bind to MHC II for it to eventually present on the cells surface.

In addition to IgC the antibodies that can fix complement are?

IgG and IgM can fix complement by activating the C3 protein at the end of the complement cascade allowing ADCC (antibody dependent cell- mediated cytoxicity) to occur.

I have never heard of an IgC antibody.

In humans there are only 5 classes of antibodies: IgM, IgG, IgA. IgD & IgE.

Does kissing lead to AIDS?

First of all, it would be the HIV virus you'd be catching, not AIDS. HIV can eventually lead to AIDS. Regardless, you cannot contract HIV from kissing. Check out the following link with useful information: http://globalhealth.org/view_top.php3?id=227 If you are French kissing then absolutely you are running a risk! Body fluids are what the problem is. If you see the police they will often wear rubber gloves because of blood and if spit at by a criminal they are just as worried. The fact of the matter is they don't know enough about HIV or AIDS at this point.

Can a dog take human antibodies?

2 in 100 dogs get dieses but 98% of the time it is ok

What is a network of cells tissues organs and chemicals that fight pathogens?

The immune system is a network of cells tissues organs and chemicals that fight pathogens. This is how the body keeps healthy and defends against invading illnesses.

Where are the limph nodes located?

http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/updated-lymphatic/lymph3.html

What are the double signals in T cell activation?

T cells receive 3 signals during activation:

1. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) presenting an antigen (foreign peptide) to the T cell receptor
2. The co-stimulatory signal (B7 on the dendritic cell binding to CD28 on the T cell)

The first signal ensures that the T cell is specific for the antigen it has been presented.
The T cell cannot be activated without also recieveing the second signal. This is how the T cell checks that it has been presented an antigen by a "professional" antigen presenting cell.

3. Cytokines (signalling molecules) are released by the dendritic cell - these cause the differentiation of the T cell

What is antibodies anti-kpa?

Anti-Kpa is an antibody formed in response to exposure to the Kpa antigen through pregnancy or transfusion. Kpa is also known as Penny-a, and is in the Kell blood group system. It is known as a low-frequency antigen because it is only found in around 1-2% of the population. The other Kell blood group system antigens include Kell (K), Cellano (k), Penny-b (Kpb), Sutter (Jsa), and Matthews (Jsb).

If i am having tingling periodically in both wrist edema in legs and feet and last night my jaw hurt at the joint .also urgency in urination. any ideas?

These symptoms do not sound related to each other. There may be more that one thing going on with you. Or nothing at all. Usually urgency in urination is due to urinary tract infection and you should probably see a doctor regarding this. If your jaw has only hurt this one time and the pain went away it is probably nothing, if it continues that should be checked out. Edema on the other hand is usually a sign of the body's inability to effeciently pump fluids or inability to get rid of excess fluids. Which this can be a problem with your heart or kidneys. You should see a doctor. It could be a sign of high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, problems with your kidneys, or something simple like too much salt in your diet. But edema needs to be addressed. You could have tingling in your wrists due to a nerve in your back or carpel tunnel syndrome. This also would have to be diagnosed by a doctor, but if it is periodic and not persistant i would not worry too much about it right now. I am not a doctor and cannot diagnose you, but i am a nurse and these are my opinions.

How is an immune complex test done?

The method generally used for detecting immune complexes is examination of a tissue obtained by biopsy (removal and examination of tissue sample) and the subsequent use of different staining techniques with specific antibodies.

Why is the immune system so complex?

Because it has a lot of very varied jobs to do, and many different pathogens to fight against.