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Immune System
This category is for questions about how our bodies identify and fight off disease, infection or pathogens through specialized cells, tissues and organs. The system that does this is called the immune system. It produces antibodies which recognize intruders and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.
4,548 Questions
What is the smallest pathogen known for?
Prions, which require an electron microscope to be seen. These are the causative agent in bovine spongiform disease, "mad cow" disease. Their incredibly small size allows them to cross the blood/brain barrier.
What behaviors contribute to the development of drug resistant pathogens?
- Failure to take the full course of antibiotics prescribed
- Taking antibiotics for diseases that antibiotics can't treat (e.g. viral diseases)
- Disposing of antibiotics in the sewage system (sewage treatment plants can't destroy them so they are released into the environment)
- Excessive use of OTC antibiotic ointments (e.g. Neosporin)
- Excessive use of antibacterial cleaning agents
What cell is infected with hemophilia?
Skin cells, I think. Hemophilia is when you can't heal outside wounds so I'm
pretty sure it's skin.
The person lacks certain protein for clotting factors. Platelets are used to clot the blood and make a person stop bleeding. Bleeding can occur internally as well as externally.
What is the second line defense?
The second line of defence is the non specific, it includes antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes and other cells.
- In this state to inhibit spread of invader through out the body.
-Inflamation, is its hallmark and most important mechanism.
The first line of defense of the immune system involves physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes that help prevent pathogens from entering the body. These barriers also have reflex responses, such as coughing or sneezing, that help expel potential invaders before they can cause harm.
Which cells produce antibodies and release them into the blood?
Hormones are biological chemicals that are found in plants and animals. Hormones are produced by living cells.
They are used to send messages to other cells. These messages can be sent to nearby cells or to far-away cells. If a cell wants to send a message to a nearby cell, it puts the hormone into the tissue around it. If an animal's cell a message to a far-away cell, it puts the hormone into the blood. When a hormone is put in the blood it goes to all parts of the animal's body. Sometimes the cell that gets the message can even be the same cell that made the hormone (and sent the message.)
The cell or tissue that gets the message is called the target cell.
Many different kinds of cells can send a message. There are some kinds of cells whose main job is to make hormones. When many of these cells are together in one place, it is called a gland. Glands are groups of cells that make something and release it (put it outside the cell). Some glands make hormones.
Endocrine means something that is made by cells and released into the blood or tissue. So endocrine glands form hormones and release them into the blood or tissue. The opposite word is exocrine and means released outside of the body. An example of exocrine is sweat glands or saliva glands. When people say endocrine they usually mean glands that make hormones.
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What are the large irregularly shaped cells that kill bacteria by digesting them?
Macrophages are the large irregularly shaped cells that kill bacteria by digesting them through a process called phagocytosis. These immune cells play a crucial role in the body's defense against pathogens.
What trap pathogens that are airborne?
Airborne pathogens can be trapped by various methods such as high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) systems, and physical barriers like masks or face shields. These traps help to prevent the spread of airborne diseases by capturing and/or inactivating the pathogens before they can be inhaled by people.
What kind of pathogen is crohn's diesase?
Crohn's disease is an auto-immune disorder where the immune system attacks the cells of the small intestines. It is treated by monthly infusions of Remicade, which suppresses the immune system.
What occurs if a T cell binds to an antigen and the T cell does not receive a co-stimulatory signal?
The T cell enters a state of anergy. In this case, the T cell becomes tolerant to that antigen and is unable to divide or to secrete cytokines. This state of unresponsiveness to antigen is called anergy.
# No; a parasite is a living organism that feeds off another living organism's body, known as the host. A tumor is a group of cells that mutate and then reproduce rapidly normally with harmful effects. # Yes, if the tumor is considered an organism.
System is your defense against pathogens?
The immune system is the body's defense mechanism against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It works to identify and neutralize these potentially harmful invaders to protect the body from infections and diseases. The immune system includes various cells, tissues, and organs that work together to mount a response against foreign substances.
How are Alfa and beta interferons produced?
Alpha and beta interferons are produced by various cells in the immune system in response to viruses, bacteria, or other immune stimuli. They are primarily produced by leukocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells. The production of interferons is triggered by a signaling cascade that activates specific genes to produce these proteins.
Can sclerodactyly cause Secondary vasculitis?
Yes, sclerodactyly, a condition characterized by thickening and tightening of the skin on the fingers, can sometimes be associated with secondary vasculitis. Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels, and it can occur as a complication of scleroderma, the condition that includes sclerodactyly as a symptom. This inflammation can affect blood flow to various organs and tissues, leading to complications.
What is natural barrier in your body that can prevent salmonella entering your inestines?
The stomach acid is a natural barrier in the body that helps prevent the entry of Salmonella into the intestines. The acidity of the stomach creates an unfavorable environment for bacteria like Salmonella to survive and multiply. This acts as a protective mechanism against ingested pathogens.
A virus in the lysogenic cycle can hide within the host's cells for extended periods without causing symptoms, allowing it to evade the immune system and antiviral treatments. When it later switches to the lytic cycle, it can rapidly replicate and cause a sudden and severe infection. This delayed onset of symptoms can make it harder to detect and control the virus in the early stages of infection.
What is the carcinoembryonic antigen test?
The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test is a blood test used to measure the level of a protein that may be elevated in certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer. It is often used to monitor cancer progression, assess response to treatment, and detect cancer recurrence. However, it is not specific to cancer and can also be elevated in non-cancerous conditions.
What is human leukocyte antigen?
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) are proteins present on the surface of cells that help the immune system distinguish between self and non-self cells. They play a critical role in immune response and are important in organ transplantation, as matching HLA types between donor and recipient reduces the risk of rejection. Variations in HLA genes are also associated with susceptibility to certain diseases.
What is a positive result with the antinuclear antibody test?
A positive result on an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test may indicate the presence of autoimmune diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. It suggests that the immune system is producing antibodies that mistakenly target normal proteins in the nucleus of cells. Further diagnostic testing is often needed to confirm a specific autoimmune condition.
How does the skin keep pathogens out?
The skin acts as a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body. The outermost layer, known as the epidermis, is made up of tightly packed cells that provide protection. In addition, the skin produces antimicrobial substances and oils that can help eliminate or inhibit the growth of pathogens.
Who constructed monoclonal antibody?
Monoclonal antibodies were developed by César Milstein and Georges Köhler in 1975, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984. They used hybridoma technology to produce identical antibodies that target a single antigen, revolutionizing biomedical research and therapy.
What is a structure that is not involved in the production or delivery of gametes?
The spleen is a structure that is not involved in the production or delivery of gametes. It is part of the lymphatic system and plays a role in filtering blood, storing red blood cells, and helping the immune system fight infections.
Which of these is not a part of the body's first line of defense?
Restraining orders are not a part of the body's first line of defense.
hahaha thats so funny the real answer is Macrophages
