Immune System

Lymphocyte cells are adapted to their function through a process called antigen recognition, where they can identify specific foreign molecules known as antigens. This recognition enables them to mount an immune response by either producing antibodies (B cells) or directly attacking infected cells (T cells). Additionally, lymphocytes undergo a maturation process in the thymus (T cells) and bone marrow (B cells) to ensure they can differentiate between self and non-self molecules.

Cilia protect your body from pathogens up to a certain extent. The cilia in your lungs prevent dust particles and other such particles you breathe from entering your lungs by trapping them and sweeping them away. The cilia located on the cell membrane prevents certain substances from entering the selectively permeable cell membrane through that same manner. However, if you get a cut or something, cilia are not really going to protect pathogens from entering your body from that cut.

A provirus is a form of a pathogen that has integrated into the host's DNA and can remain latent until it is activated to produce a new infectious virus. Pathogens can become proviruses by integrating their genetic material into the host cell's genome.

Phagocytes ingest and break down pathogens through a process called phagocytosis. Once inside the phagocyte, the pathogen is degraded by enzymes and destroyed within specialized compartments called phagolysosomes. The remnants are then eliminated from the body.

When an antigen and antibody react it causes cells to clump together. The term used to describe the clumping of cells is called agglutination.

There are four different types of hypersensitivities. Type I Hypersensitivities are mostly allergies and they are exaggerated, misdirected expression of immune responses to an allergen (antigen). The severity of allergies can range from atopy (local allergy such as hay fever or asthma) or anaphylaxis (a violent and potentially fatal reaction that leads to narrowing of the bronchial airways). Foods, drugs, pollen and bee stings can trigger these reactions and this kind of sensitivity can be transferable to normal people through serum antibody.

The body's three lines of defense against a pathogen (germ) are:

1. Anatomical and physiological barriers-Includes skin, hair, mucous membranes, saliva, tears, stomach acid, pH, temperature.

2. Non-specific response-Includes phagocytosis of pathogen, inflammation of tissues, vasodilation (increased blood flow to area), and swelling.

3. Specific response-antibody production and cell mediated immunity to particular pathogen. Maintained indefinitely.

The normal microbiota of gut are non-pathogenic and are
Enterococcus faecalis, lactobacillli Peptostreptococcus, yeasts, but gut alos contain some pathogenic bacteria but in very less no. i.e. less then 10 viable cells which are non effective like Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Candida albicansetc.

Yes, antibiotics are medications that are capable of inhibiting the growth of or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms. They target specific pathways in the bacteria to disrupt their ability to survive and multiply, ultimately leading to their death. Antibiotics are a key tool in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Proteins that are pathogens are called antigens. These antigens can trigger an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies to fight off the pathogen.

Helper T cells release cytokines that activate B cells by binding to their surface receptors. This interaction stimulates B cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells, which produce antibodies. This process helps increase the number of B cells specific to a particular antigen and enhances the immune response.

When you are infected with a pathogen for the first time, your immune system has not been previously exposed to it and needs time to recognize and develop a specific response to fight off the invader. This initial lag in immune response allows the pathogen to replicate and cause symptoms of illness before the immune system can mount an effective defense.

If the patient has antibodies against the influenza virus, the antibodies will bind to the virus particles present in the serum. This binding will lead to the formation of virus-antibody complexes. These complexes will then activate the complement system, leading to the lysis of red blood cells through the classical pathway of complement activation.

There are a few ways that blood borne pathogens can enter the human body. The routes of transmission include sexual activity, contact with blood and bodily fluids, and accidental sticks with a needle in a health care setting.

The term comes from the meaning of the two root words that make up the compound word: Pathos and Genesis. Pathos, means illness or disorder in this context and genesis means creation. So a pathogenic family is one that causes or encourages the development of mental disorder in its members. Pathogenic is similar to the everyday language phrase of "a dysfunctional family".

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These immune cells are called phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils. They recognize and engulf foreign particles through a process called phagocytosis, where the invader is enclosed in a vesicle and broken down by enzymes. This is a critical mechanism for removing pathogens and maintaining the body's defense against infections.

Symptoms of pathogens can vary depending on the type of pathogen and the infection it causes. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, coughing, sneezing, diarrhea, vomiting, rashes, and body aches. Severe infections may lead to complications such as difficulty breathing, organ failure, and even death.

The study of the immune system is known as immunology. It focuses on understanding how the immune system functions, how it protects the body from pathogens, and how it can be harnessed for therapeutic purposes.

Infection, such as cellulitis or osteomyelitis, can result from bacteria entering the body through a puncture wound. This can lead to redness, swelling, pain, and sometimes fever. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a puncture wound has become infected.

The tissue that contains erythrocytes, leukocytes, and plasma belongs to the connective tissue group. This specific tissue is known as blood tissue or vascular tissue.

Phagocytosis
Phagocytes make up three-quarters of the body's white blood cells. They destroy pathogens by engulfing them.
It's called phagocytosis. Macrophages mainly phagocytose the pathogens.

N/a
A pathogen by definition is a disease causing organism

Cells infected with a pathogen can be killed by the immune system through mechanisms such as releasing toxic chemicals, inducing programmed cell death (apoptosis), or activating immune cells like T cells and natural killer cells to target and destroy the infected cells.