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Immune System
This category is for questions about how our bodies identify and fight off disease, infection or pathogens through specialized cells, tissues and organs. The system that does this is called the immune system. It produces antibodies which recognize intruders and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.
4,548 Questions
Is your finger nail and toenail hard skin?
Nope. Your fingernails are made of the same substance that your hair is made from. Its something called keratin. Horses hooves are also made of keratin, as are the claws on animals. =)
Which type of wbc provides immunity by producing antibodies?
Yes, Lymphocytes are responsible for immunity. But if you take dabur chyawanprash will definietly help you in improving immunity.
What might an increased number of monocytes in a blood sample indicate?
Multiple reasons as to
Chronic Inflammatory disease
Viral infection
Bacterial Infection
How do antibodies stop the spread of pathogens?
- Antibodies bind to the pathogen to prevent them from entering or damaging cells.
- Antigens coat the pathogens stimulating the removal of pathogen by macrophages & other cells
- They trigger destruction of pathogens by stimulating other immune response
What diseases or disorders affect the immune system?
HIV AIDS is a disease that compromises the immune system, but most immune system diseases are autoimmune diseases, where the body's immune system attacks the body's own cells. Example of this include multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, lupus, Grave's disease, Type I diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, and celiac disease (gluten intolerance).
Other diseases that compromise the immune system like AIDS include SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency), aka Boy-in-a-bubble syndrome, which is a genetic disease characterized by the absence of functional lymphocytes, and CGD (chronic granulomatous disease), which is characterized by chronic infections due to the compromise of the ability of certain leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages in particular) to conduct 'oxidative bursts' (a molecular 'shotgun' that sprays harmful reactive oxygen compounds (superoxide, hypochlorous acid, nitric oxide) at microbes to kill them).
Are leukocytes red blood cells?
Leukocytes are among the formed elements of blood. They fight infection and identify and neutralize other "foreign" invaders. The formed elements of blood are red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
Antibodies are non specific!
That is why antibody testing does not signify anything specific except that an immune response is on progress. Processed flour will give you an immune response and show elevated liver enzymes that are typical during times of infection
What is the basic principle of the antigen-antibody reaction?
-the principle of antigen-antibody reaction is a process of the immune system in which immunoglobulin-coated B cells recognize a specific antigen and stimulate antibody production. T cells also play an essential role in the reaction. An antigen-antibody reaction begins with the binding of antigens to antibodies to form antigen-antibody complexes. These complexes may render toxic antigens harmless (neutralization), agglutinize antigens on the surface of microorganisms, or activate the complement system by exposing the complement binding sites on antibodies. Certain complement protein molecules immediately bind to these sites and trigger the activity of the other complement protein molecules, which cause antigen-bearing cells to lyse. Antigen-antibody reactions may start immediately with antigen contact or as much as 48 hours later. They normally produce immunity but may also be responsible for allergy, autoimmunity, and fetomaternal hematologic incompatibility. In the immediate allergic response, the antigen-antibody reaction activates certain enzymes and causes an imbalance between those enzymes and their inhibitors
How do you treat or control a physiological disease?
See a doctor. a physiological disease can be anything physical which is most diseases sou your question is ill formed. perhaps you mean psychological, in which case I would recomend doctor for a referal to a counselor or a psychologist.
What are the symptoms of an inflammatory response?
They are known as the 4 OR's--Rubor, redness; Tumor, swelling; Calor, heat and Dolor, pain.
How might stress affect the digestive system?
When stressed, the part of the brain(central nevous system)responsible for the stimulation of the digestive ezymes to perform their digestive functions,will feel too weak and stressed to perform its function of stimulating the ezymes thereby given rise to constipation.
What cell types function in the immune system?
The immune system is generally split into two branches the innate and adaptive immune systems. The innate side, which responds quickly to tissue injury and infection, is made up of proteins found in the blood and cells. These cells are nuetrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Recent work has also shown that other cells types not normally thought of as being "immune cells" such as epithelial cells have important immune functions.
The cells of the adaptive immune response are those that respond to infections much later and are responsible for protection from repeated infections. These include T cells and B cells. These cells will be turned on by the innate immune system, then divide and attack whatever they are specific for.
What happens when the body cannot differentiate between pathogens and body cells?
The immune system will target the body's own cells
Do red blood cells provide immunity?
Yes. When your body is getting attacked by any sort of bacteria,virus, or disease. The body immediately thinks of it as a threat, so it sends the red and white blood cells to attack it. Sometimes the bacteria,virus, or disease defeets the cells. So it can be fatal. Especially when it comes to parasites.
What is pathogens and disease?
Farmed aquatic animals are subject to the same diseases that occur naturally in wild aquatic animals. Unfortunately, knowledge about the interaction between pathogens of wild aquatic animals and aquacultured animals is poor. Because aquacultured animals receive considerably more scrutiny than their wild counterparts, more is known about diseases under aquaculture conditions. Wild fishes are often the source of pathogens causing disease in domesticated species. There are several protozoan parasites, for example, that are resident or endemic in wild fish. These fish may seed parasites into the water that supply an aquaculture facility. The cause of "Ich" (Ichthyopthirius multifiliis) is a classic example. Almost anyone who has a home aquarium has seen Ich breakout when a new fish or aquarium plant is brought in. Birds or other animals may seed the facility with a new pathogen. Similar concerns occur in agriculture where wild bison or elk may serve as a potential reservoir for the organisms causing brucellosis in hoofed domesticated animals. It is because the aquacultured animals are closely confined, that disease may move through a population quickly. The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has recently set out to determine the prevalence of various fish pathogens in wild fish populations. This effort is required to increase knowledge about the interaction of aquatic animal pathogens between wild and aquacultured animals and provide a better accounting of where pathogens occur naturally. The NAA supports these efforts. Treatment of aquatic animal diseases is difficult. The FDA closely regulates availability of drugs used by aquaculturists. There are only two antibacterial drugs available (Terramycin® and Romet-30®) in the US and these cannot be used for all aquatic species. Several microbicides can be used by aquaculturists including salt (NaCl), iodine (to treat eggs), and copper (EPA approved to treat algae). It is incumbent on each aquaculturist to use these compounds according to state or federal toxics criteria. Various efforts are underway, supported by the FDA, USDA, public and commercial interests to alleviate the lack of drugs or chemicals, but it is a formidable task. The high cost of drug approval is a significant barrier and there is a considerable disparity in the availability of aquatic animal drugs between the US and other countries. Additional efforts are being directed at harmonizing use of drugs internationally. These efforts are being encouraged by the FDA and the NAA. Because drugs should only be used as a last resort, enhanced husbandry (integrated fish health management) and vaccination of aquatic animals against specific pathogens are used for disease prevention. The NAA supports additional efforts directed toward these important farming practices. The commercial aquaculture industry is concerned about the importation of exotic pathogens into the US. Current regulation of imported animals, including pathogens, under 50 CFR Part 16 and the Lacey Act may not be adequate to protect our resources nor to foster US aquaculture. The NAA, in association with the National Association of State Aquaculture Coordinators (NASAC), is coordinating efforts to further minimize the importation of injurious pathogens. These two groups are working closely to help establish a coherent national aquatic animal health management program. The commercial aquaculture industry expects to work closely with the US Department of Agriculture Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) and the Office of International Epizootics (OIE) in this effort.
What is the pathogen for vaginitis?
Bacterial vaginosis is not caused by a pathogen. It's an imbalance in the vaginal bacteria that includes the loss of the normal, protective bacterial and an overgrowth of anaerobic bacterial that are often found in the rectal area.
Is blood the only bodily fluid that can carry bloodborne pathogens?
no not all, blood-borne pathogens are typically found in the blood stream and any bodily fluid that can contain blood can contain a blood borne pathogen. these include urine, feces, saliva, sperm, vaginal secretions, and even tears.
How does lupus affect immune system?
We are unsure of the exact mechanisms that brings about RA . However researchers feel these factors are involved. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder. That is a disorder where the immune system of the body mistakenly destroys the bodies own tissue. In the case of RA, joints and other tissues of the body are attacked by the immune system. Chemicals called cytokines are used by the immune system cells to communicate. It is thought that people with RA have too much of certain types of cytokines, including interleukin (IL) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which may be sending the messages that cause the joints to be attacked. There is a greater risk of having RA if there is a member of the family with the disease or if you are female. Some family's are genetically predisposed to RA making them more prone to the disease. Biological factors such as hormone changes, or factors such as an infection, are believed to trigger the immune system to attack the joints in people prone to RA.
Where can you buy long acrylic nails?
if you want ones you can put on yourself, then often chemists or places like Boots do them. Beauty shops also do. if you want false nails put on by professionals (ie. acrylic nails) then there are lots of places around which do them.
Does everybody have HIV antibodies?
No - antibodies are created by the body in response to the presence of the virus. There are two ways you could have antibodies without contracting the virus: (1) by artificially introducing them into your body (e.g. an influenza vaccination); or (2) by contracting a virus so similar in nature that the antibodies are the same for both strains of the virus.
Why is it better for a pathogen not to kill it host?
when the host dies all it nutrients will go too and the parasite will get nothing so it will die if it doesn't get a new host
