Industrial Engineering

The flow of electrons meets an increased impedance to it's flow.

AutoCAD (Computer-Aided Design) is a widely used software tool in the field of engineering for creating, modifying, and documenting detailed design drawings and models. Its versatile capabilities make it an essential tool across various engineering disciplines. Here are some common uses of AutoCAD in engineering:

1. **Architectural Design:** AutoCAD is frequently used by architects to create precise and detailed floor plans, elevations, sections, and 3D models of buildings and structures.

2. **Civil Engineering:** Civil engineers use AutoCAD to design infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, highways, dams, and drainage systems. AutoCAD's tools help in creating accurate plans, profiles, and cross-sections.

3. **Mechanical Engineering:** AutoCAD is extensively used by mechanical engineers for designing parts, components, and assemblies. It aids in creating 2D drawings and 3D models of machines, equipment, and mechanical systems.

4. **Electrical Engineering:** AutoCAD is used by electrical engineers to design electrical systems, wiring diagrams, circuit layouts, and panel layouts. It helps in creating detailed schematics for various applications.

5. **Structural Engineering:** AutoCAD is used to design and detail structural components of buildings and structures. Engineers use it for creating accurate drawings of beams, columns, foundations, and other elements.

6. **Industrial Design:** AutoCAD is employed in industrial design for creating product concepts, prototypes, and detailed manufacturing drawings. It aids in visualizing and refining designs.

7. **Aerospace Engineering:** AutoCAD assists aerospace engineers in designing aircraft components, interiors, and systems. It aids in creating detailed plans for various aircraft parts.

8. **Environmental Engineering:** AutoCAD is used by environmental engineers to design and plan environmental systems, including water treatment plants, waste management facilities, and pollution control systems.

9. **Surveying:** AutoCAD is used in land surveying to create accurate survey plans, contour maps, and site layouts.

10. **Urban Planning:** Urban planners use AutoCAD to design urban layouts, land-use plans, and zoning maps.

11. **Geographic Information Systems (GIS):** AutoCAD can be integrated with GIS data to create and edit spatially accurate maps and geographic information systems.

12. **Construction and Project Management:** AutoCAD drawings serve as the basis for construction projects, facilitating communication among stakeholders and guiding construction activities.

13. **Prototyping and 3D Printing:** AutoCAD's 3D modeling capabilities are used for creating prototypes and models that can be 3D printed.

14. **Documentation:** AutoCAD is instrumental in creating detailed documentation, including technical drawings, plans, sections, and specifications.

AutoCAD's flexibility, precision, and efficiency make it an indispensable tool in the engineering industry. It enhances design accuracy, reduces errors, and facilitates collaboration among multidisciplinary teams working on complex projects.

The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is a remarkable feat of engineering that was constructed in the late 18th century in Wales, United Kingdom. It was designed by civil engineer Thomas Telford and built by skilled laborers and craftsmen. The aqueduct was completed and opened for use in 1805. Here's a general overview of how the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct was built:

1. **Design and Planning:**

   Thomas Telford designed the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct to carry the Llangollen Canal across the River Dee and its steep valley. The aqueduct had to span a significant distance at a considerable height, and its design required careful consideration of structural stability and water pressure.

2. **Foundation and Abutments:**

   The aqueduct's foundation and abutments were constructed first. Stone foundations were laid on solid ground on both sides of the river. The abutments provided the support for the arches and the water channel.

3. **Arches and Piers:**

   The aqueduct's main structure consists of 18 stone arches that span the valley. The arches were constructed using limestone from local quarries. Skilled stonemasons and laborers worked to carefully shape and place the stones to create the arches and supporting piers.

4. **Iron Trough Construction:**

   The most innovative aspect of the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is its cast iron trough, which carries the canal water across the valley. The iron trough was prefabricated off-site and transported to the aqueduct's location. Each cast iron section was carefully assembled and bolted together on-site.

5. **Waterproofing and Sealing:**

   To make the trough watertight, Thomas Telford used a combination of lead sheets, iron plates, and puddled clay lining. This prevented water from leaking and maintained a stable water level within the trough.

6. **Construction of Side Walls and Railings:**

   Once the iron trough was in place, the sides of the aqueduct were constructed using stone and brickwork. These walls helped contain the water within the trough and provided safety for people using the footpath alongside the canal.

7. **Completion and Opening:**

   The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct was completed in 1805 and opened for use. It quickly became an iconic structure and a testament to Telford's engineering skill.

The construction of the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct was a labor-intensive process that involved a combination of traditional stonemasonry techniques and innovative cast iron technology. Skilled craftsmen, laborers, and engineers worked together to bring Telford's design to life. Today, the aqueduct is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and remains an impressive example of engineering ingenuity from the Industrial Revolution era.

Yes you can, although some more eaisily than others as they all have different melting points. To find out the exact melting points you can google, for example:: 'Melting point of Iron'

Melting metals is quite commonly used in industries to shape the metal into a mould, which is called 'Casting'.

Industrial Engineering (IE) Engineering has a multi-disciplinary nature. This discipline plays an important role in the adaptation of systems at various levels, from micro to macro. Initially, industrial engineering was focused on the study of work and its design. However, today the sector has spent a considerable amount of time making a significant impact in developing high quality and low cost products. The purpose of this research is to study the development of industrial revolutions, the development of industrial engineering and how these two affect each other.

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There are tires with innertubes and some that don't need them. The tire is filled to recommended pressures of about 30-40 PSI with air or some kind of inert gas. The pressure is great enough to push the sidwalls of the tire against the wheel that keeps air from leaking out.

An active device is any type of circuit component with the ability to electrically control electron flow (electricity controlling electricity). In order for a circuit to be properly called electronic, it must contain at least one active device

A system which is networked with extinguishing and detection devices to ensure that the danger of fire is low. Smoke/Heat detectors, sirens, bells, sounders and call points are in place to detect any fire and alert you if there is the need to evacuate. A person can manually activate the call point if they discover a fire. When the fire alarm sounds, extinguishing apperatus such as sprinklers, CO2 gas release will activate, in order to quickly put the fire to a halt.

The voltage ratio in transformers used in power supply is set by the ratio of the number of turns on the primary and secondary windings.

No, zinc is not a precious metal. It is a necessary industrial metal.

A cold drawn seamless pipe has better dimensional tolerance, a higher surface finish and better mechanical properties than an equivalent hot finish seamless pipe. For applications that can make use of the thinner pipe walls and closer tolerances, a cold drawn seamless pipe is the better option.

For isotropic materials

G = E/ (2(1+u)

where u = poisson ratio

mutual inductance

Calculate the volume first by multiplying the cross sectional area with length.

Multiply the volume with density of mild steel which will give the weight.

The density of Mild steel is 7850 kg/ m3

e.g

Calculate the weight of 2 m rod having cross sectional area of 5 m2

Volume = 2x5 = 10 m3

Weight = 10 x 7850 = 78500 kg

Be specific that same units are used all around the calculations.

To reduce the growth of weeds and for drainage. Also:

* It enables water to drain from the track

* It assists in helping control the thermal expansion of continues welded rail * As a train passes the rails it supports the train * it distributes the weight of the train from the track structure to the subgrade * maintains a smooth running surface for the train to run on

Between 121-137 on the Brinell hardness scale - which is quite soft. The end parts are generally case-hardened before use to 60+ Rockwell "C".

You need alternating current for a transformer, for DC you would have to interrupt the power supply to make it effectively DC pulses.

hydraulics uses the principle of hydrostatic pressure to work

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/linear-expansion-coefficients-d_95.html

Rubber would have come first as an eraser is made out of rubber.

People used pieces of bread to erase mistakes long before they figured out that a piece of rubber would do the trick. Ancient Greeks and Romans had been using flat pieces of lead to draw on papyrus. By the 1400s, graphite had been discovered and, around a century later, the modern pencil began to take shape. Though the milky liquid that was produced by trees in tropical areas had been discovered centuries ago, it was only in the eighteenth century, that the substance "caoutchouc," which was used to create natural rubber, made its way to Europe. Sometime around 1750, it was suggested that the substance be used as an eraser. It was the scientist Joseph Priestley who proposed that the name of the substance be changed to "rubber," because it was used to rub pencil marks away.

Pressure transmitters function by measuring the amount of pressure that is exerted on their sensors. It measures mechanical pressure and converts it to electrical signal.

In North America the system used is AWG. American Wire Gauge.

Can you please send to me Turbine parts and function of each part shortly?

Yes, a car is a machine. Look at the definition of Machine. "any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks" A car definitely fits that description.

Current, voltage and resistance are related by the Ohm's law formula which states that current is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance at a constant temperature.

Stated mathematically:

I = E/R

where I = current in amperes, abbreviated to A

E = voltage in volts, abbreviated to V

R = resistance in ohms, usually signified by the Greek omega Ω