Java Programming

The performance of any program depends to a great degree on the skill of the programmer.

690

Framework is set of reusable software program that forms the basis for an application. Frameworks helps the programmers to build the application quickly. Earlier it was very hard to develop complex web applications. Now its very easy to develop such application using different kinds of frameworks such as Struts, Struts 2, Hibernate, JSF, Tapestry, JUnit, Log4j, Spring etc.

In Java technology there are so many frameworks that helps the programmers to build complex applications easily. You can choose these frameworks for building your applications.

Encapsulation example:

Ink is the important component in pen but it is hiding by some other material.

Abstraction example: ATM is a good example of abstraction, we doesn't know what are all the internal processes that are going when we access it..instead we know only the inquiries, deposit, withdrawl etc...

symbolic constants are named constants

like :

final double PI = 3.14 ;

They are constants because of the 'final' keywords, so they canNOT be reassigned a new value after being declared as final

And they are symbolic , because they have a name

A NON symbolic constant is like the value of '2' in expression

int foo = 2 * 3

Answer given By Sushil Mittal..........

package sara78;

import java.io.BufferedReader;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.InputStreamReader;

import java.util.Scanner;

import java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException;

public class node extends RuntimeException{

private static String string;

/**

* @param args

*/

public static void main(String[] args) {

// TODO Auto-generated method stub

InputStreamReader input = new InputStreamReader(System.in);

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(input);

try {

string = reader.readLine();

} catch (IOException e) {

// TODO Auto-generated catch block

e.printStackTrace();

}

char[] c=string.toCharArray();

int k=c.length;

for(int i=0;i<=k;i++)

{

System.out.println(""+c[i]);

}

for(int i=k;i<=k;--i)

{

System.out.println(""+c[i]);

}

}

}

As well, you could do it with a different approach, same idea:

import java.util.*;

public class Example

{

public static void main(String[] args)

{

Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Please enter a String to reverse:");

String toReverse = in.next();

String Reversed = "";

for (int i = toReverse.length()-1; i>=0; i--)

{

Reversed = Reversed + toReverse.charAt(i);

}

System.out.println(Reversed);

}

}

A class might provide a set method (setter) and a get method (getter) for an instance variable in order to encapsulate the internal implementation of the class, and to isolate that implementation from the public interface of the class.

Even if the setter and getter does no more than directly set and get the instance variable, the public interface should use that paradigm in order to allow for possible future alteration of the implementation, while minimizing the impact of doing so.

Proper OOD/P (Object Oriented Design/Programming) should always make the implementation be private, even for derived classes. This reduces error, and reduces "lazy" coding techniques.

PHYSICAL (smell, color, texture, size, etc)--NON CHARACTERISTIC

GENERAL (general stuff about the substance all together)-CHARACTERISTIC

Characteristic properties help us identify pure substances or the group it belongs to. Non-characteristic properties cannot help us identify pure substances or the group it belongs to.

Guy withdraws nowhere near his orgasm and has urinated beforehand.Pre-ejaculation can come any time though and he will not feel it. It works as lubrication and it does contain sperm.

This is called "encapsulation", and there are two main reasons. (1) To be able to change the internals of the class at any time, without breaking compatibility with programs that use the class. (2) To be able to do some processing on any data that goes in or out of the class. For example, when assigning a value to a field (attribute), it is possible to check whether the parameter is within the allowed range of values.

An interface is used in java to outline specific behaviors of a group of classes, i.e. Comparable (able to be compared). These common behaviors translate into methods that are all public and unimplemented (since an interface lists what can be done not how). An interface is usually used when it doesn't make sense for something to be a class but it does have general behaviors that other classes should implement, i.e. there is not much sense to implement a Comparable class, since many different objects have vastly different ways to compare each other; thus, the behavior is outlined, and future classes can implement said behaviors (the methods).

You're comparing apples and oranges. C is a procedural language. You can, using structures and functions to access those structures do everything you can in Java. In fact, if you look into GObject, the object oriented method of programming in GTK (the Linux toolkit) people do this all the time. In fact they have pretty much implemented C++ manually using a programming style and macros.

C++ and Java have a great deal more in common. From a language perspective, they are nearly identical. Java is arguably cleaner as it doesn't depend on forward declaration and therefore all functions are coded directly within the class definitions themselves. C++ is arguably more powerful as you have direct access to the hardware of the system and it's also possible to write code in such a way that it is guaranteed to be compiled an optimized in a specific manor.

For application development, Java is often faster (performance and in the time it takes to get the job done). For system level development, C++ is almost always a clear winner. I won't detail it as it's far beyond the scope of the question.

There are two key differences between Java and C++ to a programmer.

1) Java is a garbage collected language

This means you can allocate memory and just forget about it when you're done. Some people say this leads to ugly code and quite frankly, I agree. Bad programmers can be REALLY bad programmers in Java and get away with it. C++ a C++ program will tend to crash your machine if you write it badly. The selling point of garbage collection is performance. It allows the runtime system of the language to clean up when there's time to do it instead of having to clean up during time critical moments. In C++ this type of behavior has to be coded manually and requires a great deal of strategic planning to accomplish.

2) Java has a "good" defined set of standard class libraries.

C++ has libraries also, but only a small percentage of programmers use them because many of us (me included) consider them to be a plague on the language. They're VERY over-engineered and can be very hard to debug. Java's libraries are a lot cleaner even if they have serious inconsistencies (this may spur a political debate, but I offer my opinion and the arguments I've heard from others).

Neither language is particularly good. Neither runtime is particularly modern. There are newer technologies such as C#/.NET and others which have arguably learn from C++ and Java and built upon what was learned.

If you're learning to program, I recommend using C++ with Qt (from Nokia) as it gives you almost the best of both worlds. If you're using one and looking to switch to the other. It should be a smooth transition, the languages are basically the same.

If you're asking about internal data structure. The two languages aren't comparable as Java doesn't have a strict internal structure definition and therefore can't be compared.

P.S. - For a bonus, Java's best feature is relocatable memory. Because it forces you to never use memory locations directly (pointers), so the java virtual machine can relocate your memory in order to make room for larger allocations that otherwise wouldn't fit without paging or asking the OS for more RAM. This can make your applications more efficient as virtual memory paging is far more expensive than simply defragging the memory occasionally.

arithmatic operator +,-,*,/,%

assigment oprator ==

logical operator &,|,^,&&,,!

bitwise opertor &,|,^

left shift <<

right shift >>

left shift zero fill <<

assignment operator +=,-=,*=,/=

there are certain rules to make up a relational data base management system, oracle follows it and so its an rdbms

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 5;

int b = 10;

int c;

c = a + b; // addition

c = a - b; // subtraction

c = a * b; // multiplication

c = a / b; // division

}

C++ allows multiple inheritance while Java does not. In my opinion, multiple inheritance is not useful because it can get very confusing very quick.

For polymorphism, C++ does early binding by default, while Java does late binding by default. Late binding is more useful than early binding.

It is possible to use arrays when employing java programming language. There are many different series of programming choice that can be employed with various end results.

You need to to know some basic math to live. right? Likewise you need to know some basic math to start computer programming....beginners start out by learning to do programs like solving a quadratic equation....if you are not thorough with algebra, u can't do it. The way you think is more important.....rather than being good in math, computer programmers are required to think the way math people think - vey very very logically.

Desoola Anil Kumar, Java Faculty: There are 5 types of Inheritance. 1.Single inheritance, 2.Multiple inheritance, 3.Multilevel Inheritance, 4. Hirarichal inheritance and 5. Hybrid inheritance. Java supports multi level inheritance and hirarichal inheritance.

There is no catch block that names either the class of exception that has been thrown or a class of exception that is a parent class of the one that has been thrown, then the exception is considered to be unhandled, in such condition the execution leaves the method directly as if no try has been executed

#include<stdio.h>

main()

{

int i,words,spaces;

char a[30];

printf("enter the string") ;

scanf("%s",a);

for(i=0;a[0]!="\0";i++)

{

if (a[i]=' ')

spaces++;

}

printf("the no. of spaces in the string is %d",spaces);

printf("the number of words in the string is %d",spaces+1);

}