Mexico

American presidents John Tyler (term 1841-1845) and James K. Polk (term 1845-1849) had a crush for California and looked to acquire it by any means necessary. The immediate consequences of such actions led to the Mexican Cession, where the United States acquired by force the states of California, Nevada, Utah, Texas and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming. Ultimately, this led to the American Civil War(1861-1865).

Causes:

When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, all the territories it possessed included Mexico, most of Central America (Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama) as well as today's US States of California, Nevada, Utah, Texas and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming.

Due to the extremely low population for such territorial extension (estimated at 12 million during 1824), Mexico relaxed its immigration policies, thus allowing American settlers to help populate the northern territories. The conditions to settle were simple: 1) to pledge allegiance to Mexico and 2) observe the Mexican Law and customs. In 1830, these laws incorporated the banning of slavery. Due to the fact that many American settlers in such territories were slave owners, they looked for any pretext to break up with Mexico.

Later, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna took measures to transform Mexico from a Federal Republic to a Centralist Republic. This move prompted Yucatan and Texas to secede from Mexico. Santa Anna's government invaded both republics; while Yucatan was regained, Texas was lost. As it happens to be the case between today's mainland China and Taiwan, Mexico looked Texas as a rebellious province to be reincorporated at a later time, preferably by diplomatic means, but by force if necessary. The Mexican government warned America that annexation would mean war.

Then, American President John Tyler found out about California and its riches. On a letter by American Plenipotentiary Minister in Mexico, Waddy Thompson, Jr.:

"As to Texas I regard it as of very little value compared with California, the richest, the most beautiful and the healthiest country in the world... with the acquisition of Upper California we should have the same ascendency on the Pacific... France and England both have had their eyes upon it."

He then desperately looked to fulfill the Manifest Destiny, a term which called for the annexation of all North America into the United States. He didn't believed in Texas but looked to annex all the territories west of the Louisiana, being California the "Jewel of the Crown". Long story short, he pushed for annexation of Texas, offering its admission to the Union in March 1, 1845. Then, President James K. Polk ratified by law such admission, on December 29 of that year. These events led to the war with Mexico.

Consequences:

Mexico lost the war due to poor strategic decisions and numeric and technological superiority by American forces: almost 79,000 American soldiers against an army of up to 40,000 Mexican regulars. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo in Spanish) is the peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States to the interim government of a militarily occupied Mexico, that ended the war. The cession that the Treaty facilitated included parts of the modern-day US states of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, as well as the whole of California, Nevada, and Utah, and, depending on one's point of view, Texas.

As much of this conflict was instigated by Texas and its slave owners (when Texas seceded from Mexico, former American settlers regained their "right" to purchase and sell slaves), this meant an increase in slave territory. In 1849, General Zachary Taylor became President after keeping views on slavery in Texas secret during his campaign. He then revealed his plan to admit California and New Mexico as free states excluding creation of territories subject to slavery. Texas, supported by the other slave states, threatened military action to enforce its claim to New Mexico land, thus setting the stage for the American Civil War (1861-1865).

All three armed conflicts are equally important to the history of Mexico. Each one of them had different but defining characteristics that would change Mexico's economy, society or culture for centuries, until this very day:

The Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821) resulted in Mexico's secession from the Spanish Empire. This marked the beginning of Mexico as a sovereign country since 1821, and accelerated the decline of the Spanish Empire.

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) resulted among other things, in the loss of half of Mexico's territory to the United States, and a long period of indebtedness and political turmoil that lasted until the 1860's.

The Mexican Revolution (1910-1921) was a result of an agrarian, labor, civil and political rights movement, which also inspired other revolutions such as the October (Russian) Revolution of 1917. It resulted in many social reforms that were considered revolutionary at the time, and many of whom have lasted until present times.

There is a city, state and country named Mexico:

• There is Mexico City (pop: 19,231,829) capital of the country of Mexico.
• There are two states with the name Mexico on them. There is New Mexico (capital: Santa Fe), which is a US state and Estado de Mexico (capital: Toluca), which is a Mexican state.
• Finally, there is a country named Mexico(official name: Estados Unidos Mexicanos or Mexican United States) which is south of the United States.

From west to east:

• Chihuahua (capital: Chihuahua)
• Coahuila (capital: Saltillo)
• Nuevo Leon (capital: Monterrey)
• Tamaulipas (capital: Ciudad Victoria)