Microprocessors

avr is high speed cmpar to 8051.in 8051 there are less number of instructions

There are 6 general purpose Registers and Two special purpose registers:

General purpose registers(8 bit basically) are B,C,D,E,H,L and SPECIAL Purpose resisters are STACK PONITER,PROGRAM COUNTER these two are 16 bit registers.

If u want make general purpose registers as 16 bit registers, the combination is BC,DE,HL these are 16 bit pair registers

A CPU or Central Processing Unit is generally what is meant by the term microprocessor. Sometimes microprocessor can refer to additional hardware, but by and large,

CPU = microprocessor.

It performs arithmetic and logic operations within the microprocessor.

The speed of a moders computer is measured in MHz for RAM and GHz for Processors. 1 Hert is 1 occilation in 1 second, in a computer the clock speed of a processer is how many times per second it can make a binary calculation.

because it has four internal register and four external data bus

8085 is a 8 bit microprocessor designed by Intel.

Because it makes the CPU run hotter

Data bus

On the spreadsheet go to top of page

and click on Insert and the the sixth choice down is Symbol...

The box will appear with many many symbols

- it is the second symbol in the eighth row

and is called SUPERSCRIPT TWO

It looks like ²

Dual Core is better as it has two processing cores, Higher Clock Speed, Bigger FSB, Bigger Cache and it is built for multitasking but it does not mean that Centrino is bad as it is designed for NOTEBOOK Computer and does not give lower performance.

Guy above me is wrong

He asked about Centrino duo which IS a dual core. The Centrino platform is going to be a LOT faster than the Pentium Dual-Core. Centrino means you're getting a Core 2 Duo processor, Intel chipset, and Intel wireless. Core 2 Duo processors are much faster than Pentium Dual Core processors.

These 2 guys above me are wrong... na just kidding i just really wanted to say that :D

virtual memory

Case, Power Supply and Motherboard

The case must support the form factor of the motherboard, and the motherboard must support the CPU socket type for any given CPU.

processor contain three modes.

1.Real mode -When PC in DOS programing.

2.Protected Mode -When PC operating system mode

3.virtual mode real mode - when PC in protected and real mode conmmenly.

The CPU or "Computerized Processing Unit" is used for dealing with all data on a computer. This can be from saving a file to browsing the web. The CPU works in hand with the GPU to keep everything running.

Hyperthreading has to be enabled or disabled in the BIOS.

The Central Processing Unit or the CPU coordinates all the functions of a computer, CPU is not the big metal box sitting next to the monitor its a small IC on the motherboard which is covered by the fan(heat sink). The Intel Pentium 4 processor, Intel dual core processor, AMD athlon processors are all examples of CPU

The most gaping advantage can be very easilly explained through example:

Single core processors have a single thread, and can process a single set of instructions per clock cycle. This looks like this (Saying this processor can process 2 instructions a clock):

(Note this is in an optimal setting where data is perfectly threaded)

Clock 1: Instruction 1; Instruction 2;

Clock 2: Instruction 3; Instruction 4;

Clock 3: Instruction 5; Instruction 6;

Clock 4: Instruction 7; Instruction 8;

Dual-Core processing would do this same instruction set much quicker:

Clock 1: Instruction 1; Instruction 2; Instruction 3; Instruction 4

Clock 2: Instruction 5; Instruction 6; Instruction 7; Instruction 8

In a perfectly threaded application, two equivilent-performance cores on a dual core processor would power through the work twice as quickly as a single-core model. A quad-core with these specs would do the entire instruction set in a single clock.

Even if it isn't always a 2x increase, multiple-core procesors have a distinct advantage in a very large range of applications.

the evolution of microprocessors has been broadly divided into 4 generations.

first generation microprocessors-

the first generation of microprocessors were introduced in 1971-1973. they used monolithic IC and P-MOS technology. This technology has slow speed, not supported with TTL. Due to the lack of pins, signals has to be multiplexed.

Example-4004 & 4040

Second generation microprocessors-

these microprocessors were introduced in 1973-1978. they were designed using N-MOS technology. faster speed and higher density packaging than P-MOS technology. it had more powerful instruction set, ability to handle large memory space and had better interrupt handling capability.

Example-8080 & 8085

Third generation microprocessors-

these were introduced between 1978-1980. They were basically 16 bit processor and were made by using H-MOS technology. It had flexible input-output port addresses.

Example- 8 bit-8086

16 bit- 80286, 80386 & 80486.

Fourth generation microprocessor-

these were introduced after 1980. It had 2kb main memory, 16 mb physical memory, 1 tb virtual memory for enhancing speed.

Example- celeron and further invented processors.

one ghz represent 1 billion cycle per second.....the speed of microprocessor called clock speed ...each computer instruction require a fixed number of cycles...so clock speed determine how many instruction per second the microprocessor can execute....

A core is a very small magnetic toroid, or doughnut. It can be magnetized in one direction or the other, so it represents one bit of memory. Core is also the term for the array of cores that make up main memory.

Very few computers use core anymore, as it is old, slow technology. Some people still refer to core, however, when they mean main memory. One advantage of core was that it was non-volatile, retaining its state through a power off state, but moderm memory does that as well with batteries and various "save to disc" strategies.

A memory cache, sometimes called a cache store or RAM cache, is a portion of memory made of high-speed static RAM (SRAM) instead of the slower and cheaper dynamic RAM (DRAM) used for main memory. Memory caching is effective because most programs access the same data or instructions over and over. By keeping as much of this information as possible in SRAM, the computer avoids accessing the slower DRAM.

Short for Level 1 cache, a memory cache built into the microprocessor.

Short for Level 2 cache, cache memory that is external to the microprocessor. In general, L2 cache memory, also called the secondary cache, resides on a separate chip from the microprocessor chip.

As more and more processors begin to include L2 cache into their architectures, Level 3 cache is now the name for the extra cache built into motherboards between the microprocessor and the main memory.

the l2 cache is now always built onto the processor for x86 archetechure

the accumulator is an 8-bit register then is part of the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU). this register is used to store to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic & logical operation. the result of an operation is stored in the accumulator. the accumulator is also identified as register A.

Some Cpu's that use Socket A are Athlon Xp, Athlon Mp, Athlon Model 4