Nuclear Fission

Nuclear fusion is the phenomenon in which two lighter nuclei get fused to form heavier nucleus with the production of energy. Best example is SUN and hydrogen bomb.

But nuclear fission of breaking heavier into lighter with the emission of energy. Example uranium-235. So atom bomb

Nuclear fusion has clean energy but fission has hazard energy

Fission is when two particles are split to make energy while fusion combines to particles. The result of fission is usually used up radioactive material while fusion results in helium. Fusion makes more energy than fission

Fusion releases more energy than fission per unit mass of fuel. Fusion reactions involve combining light atomic nuclei to form heavier ones, releasing large amounts of energy in the process. In contrast, fission reactions involve splitting heavy atomic nuclei, releasing less energy per unit mass.

In nuclear fusion, two atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. This is the process that powers the sun and other stars. In nuclear fission, a heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei, along with the release of energy and neutrons. This process is used in nuclear power plants to generate electricity.

The neutrons released from Uranium are fast neutrons. In a reactor they are slowed down by a moderator. The moderator could be water, heavy water, graphite, among others. When the neutron is slowed down, it is more likely to create fission.This is what happens with the U-235. The U-238 does not fission, but it does transmute through a series of neutron absorption and beta decay etc. into plutonium which does fission also.

Some of the problems associated with nuclear fission include the potential for accidents or meltdowns, radioactive waste disposal, high costs of construction and decommissioning, proliferation of nuclear weapons, and the limited availability of uranium fuel. Addressing these challenges requires strict safety regulations, effective waste management strategies, and investments in research for advanced nuclear technologies.

Uranium is naturally radioactive; it's unstable. Somewhere in a sample of uranium, spontaneous fission occurs. All the time. Neutrons are released in this reaction. It cannot be stopped. If critical mass is assembled, a couple of neutrons will appear from a spontaneous fission somewhere within the sample, and a chain will immediately begin to build. There is no way to stop it except by separating the mass into subcritical quantities. But the reaction will do that. It happens in the twinkling of an eye. Always. Note that a so-called fast neutron, a neutron with a lot of kinetic energy, can cause fission. But it has a lot lower probability of doing that than a thermal neutron. Slowing down or "thermalizing" of neutrons increases the chance that they will be captured, and neutron capture will build a chain reaction. This was included because the question stated that a chain starts with a slow neutron, and this might not be the case. It is the slow neutrons that drive the fission chain in nuclear reactors. They have moderators to slow the neutrons down. But the fast neutrons are the chain builders in nuclear weapons. In a nuclear weapon, we don't put moderator material in the thing. We might incorporate some neutron mirrors or lenses in the geometry of the device, but we rely on the a lot of fast neutrons to carry out the mission of burning the fissile material very rapidly to get a big yield. The proof is in the pudding.

Fission is a splitting apart.

Fusion is a putting together.

You get energy by splitting heavy elements AND by fussing light elements.

The mid point is iron, the element with the least amount of available "nuclear" energy ... thus it is the ultimate ash from any nuclear reaction.

The mass deficit in the products of a fusion reaction compared to the mass of the

components before the reaction is completely accounted for by the energy that

leaves the site of the reaction, by means of the relation E = m c2. Most of the

energy is carried away in the form of electromagnetic radiation, and the remainder

is in the kinetic energy of the resultant particles. An individual is free to decide for

himself whether the numbers amaze him.

Fusion provides more energy per gram of fuel than fission. Fusion reactions release several times more energy compared to fission reactions, making fusion a more efficient and powerful energy source.

The mass of an atom after undergoing fission or fusion will be less than the original mass because some of the mass is converted into energy according to Einstein's mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2). In fission, the total mass of the products is less than the original atom due to the release of energy. In fusion, the combined mass of the reactants will be slightly more than the mass of the resulting atom due to the energy input required.

Albert Einstein was the first person to propose the mass-energy equivalence principle in his famous equation E=mc^2, where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light. This laid the foundation for understanding how some mass can be converted into energy in nuclear reactions.

I found this: " The control rods, another important part of the reactor, regulate or control the speed of the nuclear chain reaction, by sliding up and down between the fuel rods or fuel assemblies in the reactor core. The control rods contain material such as cadmium and boron. Because of their atomic structure cadmium and boron absorb neutrons, but do not fission or split. Therefore, the control rods act like sponges that absorb extra neutrons." Here (you may have to copy and paste in two parts): http://www.aboutnuclear.org/view.cgi?fC=Electricity,Operation,Reactor,Control_Rods

Nuclear fission for generating electricity is advantageous because it produces a large amount of energy from a small amount of fuel, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. It also provides a reliable and stable source of power that is not affected by weather conditions, like wind or solar power. Additionally, nuclear power plants have a long operational lifespan and can produce electricity consistently.

No one knows for sure who invented nuclear energy. The process that led to the production of nuclear energy started in the year 1895 when radiation was ionized. Wilhelm Rontgen passed electric current through an evacuated tube and produced X-rays.

In 1896, Pierre and Marie Curie, further tested on Rontgen's experiment and gave the process the name 'radioactivity'. In the year 1911, first practical use of a radioactive substance was demonstrated by George de Hevesy. He put the material in food and detected its presence later on with the help of a gold leaf electroscope. By this time, Frederick Soddy had discovered the presence of isotopes in radioactive elements. In 1919, Ernest Rutherford introduced alpha particles taken from radium into nitrogen. He discovered that this resulted in nuclear rearrangement and release of oxygen. Later, Niels Bohr studied in depth the atom and the arrangement of electrons around its nucleus. 1932 saw the discovery of neutron by James Chadwick. Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, in 1939, showed the existence of lighter radioactive elements like barium. Other lighter elements discovered were about half the mass of uranium. This proved that nuclear fission had taken place. The energy that was released from this fission was about 200 million electron volts. The two scientists believed that not only energy but also neutrons were released as a result of the fission. After this, experiments and studies on nuclear energy and its uses continued and are still continuing to this day. What started out as perhaps a serendipitous discovery, has now turned into a mania for the scientists. We cannot name perhaps one person responsible for the discovery of nuclear energy. But the fact remains that this discovery has been our biggest source of joy and concern.

Nuclear fission involves splitting large atomic nuclei into smaller ones, releasing energy. Nuclear fusion involves merging small atomic nuclei together to form larger ones, also releasing energy. Fusion is the process that powers the sun and other stars, while fission is used in nuclear power plants and atomic bombs.

Particle accelerators such as the Cockroft-Walton and later cyclotrons were used to use high powere electric currents to get up the sufficient particle speed. a moderate type of cyclotron , essentially a super-modified transformer could rev up the currents to, say, l5 Million electron Volts or MEV. Modern ones are far more powerful!

One advantage of nuclear energy is that it can produce far more power than other sources of energy including wind energy. One disadvantage of nuclear energy is the radioactive waste that is produced.

There are quite a few advantages to nuclear propulsion on a submarine.

1. Operational cost - While up-front construction costs are expensive, long term maintenance and operational costs are lower given the lack of need for fuel supplies for the main engines.

2. Range - Nuclear powered boats have unlimited range between refueling stops ( 5-10 years), and are only limited by crew / maintenance requirements. By comparison, their Diesel-Electric counterparts are limited in range by the amount of fuel they can carry.

3. Tactical Speed - All modern nuclear submarines are designed to escort/scout ahead of fleets/battle groups, and as such have great sustainable speed underwater (the old Russian ALFA fast-attack was known to achieve 45 knots submerged). DE boats just don't have that capability, as it drains their batteries too quickly.

Speed is also a great advantage when there's a torpedo headed toward you and you need to evade it.

4. Tactical Equipment - With increased electrical generating capacity comes increased equipment capability, and therefore overall tactical capability. Even in bigger boats, they just cram in more equipment; crew habitation comes second, though it's fairly comfortable by most shipboard standards.

5. Atmospheric Regeneration - Nuclear power allows for machines that constantly regenerate the atmosphere while submerged, generating oxygen and removing Carbon Monoxide/Carbon Dioxide/Particulates from the air. DE submarines do have regeneration capability, but it's limited, and that also limits crew size and overall tactical capability.

Even so, the air does get a bit stale after a couple of months if you don't bring in fresh air.

6. Water generation - Water distillation achieved by using the steam from reactor allows for thousands of gallons of water to be made daily for crew use.

7. Civilian Emergencies - Most people don't realize it, but all nuclear powered vessels have the capability of reversing their electrical generation flow from ship to shore in the event a city or town loses its power generation in a disaster. The amount of water generated can also provide thousands of gallons of fresh, potable water to disaster survivors.

There are three disadvantages to nuclear propulsion:

1. Spent fuel rods - The first is the need to deal with the used fuel. In years past, spent fuel was recycled into weapons-grade material for nuclear weapons, but since arms limitation treaties were signed, spent fuel has become a problem, particularly since environmentalists keep trying to block the opening of the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste disposal site.

In coming years this won't be as much of a problem, as there is development proceeding on "lifetime fuel", or reactors that are fueled for the life of the submarine.. This means that they won't have to refuel every several years as they do now, but will go 30 or more years before the need arises.

2. Sinking - If a nuclear powered boat sinks from enemy action or accident, radiation can possibly enter the ocean, but this hasn't yet proven to be a problem with the several known boats that have sunk over the past 50 years. Submarine reactor vessels are constructed to withstand extreme pressures and explosion damage to avoid such problems.

3. Noise - All nuclear powered boats, as do shore reactors, use active cooling systems, which mean active machinery coolant pumps. The main engines and turbine-generators are also powered by steam generated by the reactor.

The additional noise generated by the steam and machinery makes nuclear powered boats much noisier than their DE counterparts; however, advances over the past 50 years in ship silencing have reduced the underwater noise range of nuclear powered boats to rival that of DE submarines running on the battery.

Yes. But the risks can be managed, and we have nuclear power stations that testify to that. Certainly there have been accidents that speak to the dangers. People died of radiation sickness in some accidents. But there are a number of operating nuclear plants around the world that are critical right now and generating heat to make electricity. The cost-benefit ratio appears to be something that governments and (the majority of) society are willing to accept in allowing these plants to go online and operate.

during the nuclear fission a slow moving neutron bombards a heavy nucleus which then splits into smaller fragments of nearly equal masses releasing large amount of energy. the energy liberated is due to the difference between the masses of the products and the sum of fissionable material and neutron. here matter is completely converted as explained by Einstein.

AKa: A nucleus is divided into more than one nucleus.

The process of nuclear fission firstly requires the atom to become unstable, this can be done by bombarding it with neutrons to make it heavier, when the nucleus becomes unstable it starts to oscillate and eventually splits, releasing at least one neutron. This neutron then gets absorbed by another atom causing that top become unstable and split, thus casing a chain reaction. The energy comes from the conversion of nuclear mass into energy, explained by Einstein's equation:

The US has refrained from using nuclear weapons due to the catastrophic human and environmental consequences associated with their use. Additionally, the world community, including the US, has generally upheld international agreements and norms that seek to prevent the use of nuclear weapons.