Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear fusion is considered clean because it produces energy by fusing two light atomic nuclei, releasing vast amounts of energy and generating minimal radioactive waste. Unlike nuclear fission, fusion reactions do not produce long-lived radioactive waste or emit greenhouse gases. Additionally, fusion uses hydrogen isotopes - deuterium and tritium - which are abundant and non-radioactive.

To bond together, two nuclei must be thrown together with great force. This is because every nucleus has a positive charge and the nuclei repel each other when they come close. If that resistance is overcome and the nuclei actually begin to impact each other, then it is possible for one proton in one nucleus to change to a neutron and bind or 'fuse' together with the other nucleus.

The great force required here includes both extreme heat and extreme pressure, comparable to that inside stars.

It is often stated that mass is transformed to energy. This is wrong, since both mass and energy are conserved in a chemical reaction - or in a nuclear reaction. The Wikipedia article on "binding energy" clarifies this.

First deuterium and tritium (hydrogen isotopes) are put in. Next they are compressed using many super electromagnets, producing heat, that fuses them together, making radioactive helium. Then the extra proton fall off, making stable helium.

Yes, nuclear fusion is considered a potentially renewable energy source because it utilizes abundant sources of fuel (such as hydrogen isotopes) that are readily available on Earth. Additionally, fusion reactions produce no greenhouse gas emissions and generate significantly more energy than traditional nuclear fission.

Nuclear fusion releases energy in the form of light and heat. This is because the process involves the combining of atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, resulting in the release of a large amount of energy.

1. You need to contain the material. If it blows apart, it isn't contained.

1a. Fusing H to make He, means you are working with gases at STP.

1b. How do you handle the waste (He)?

1c. How do you capture and use the energy that is released? (Ye olde steam engine?)

1d. How do you feed the reaction? (Is it merely one explosion?)

2. How do you get a permit to allow you to experiment (local, state, federal)?

May I suggest experimenting not in Manhattan but in Arizona?

No, nuclear fusion does not violate the laws of thermodynamics. It is a process that involves combining small atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process. This energy release is consistent with the principles of thermodynamics.

When a star is undergoing nuclear fusion its tremendous gravity is forcing the nuclei of atoms together, releasing extremely large amounts of energy. This release of energy is all that prevents a star from imploding under its own gravity.

Fusion happens when an electromagnetic force normally preventing fusion is overcome.

The electromagnetic force exists because the nuclei of atoms are positively charged. They are rather like identical poles of magnets that want to repel each other. Fusion takes place when something overcomes this and pushes them into each other, at which point, the more powerful strong nuclear force can bind them. This can happen because of kinetic energy, which exists when atoms are hot. It can be influenced by such a thing as pressure.

The strong force works at much shorter distance than gravity and magnetism, which is why it can overcome electromagnetism at the close range of nuclei nearly together.

Nuclear fission is a process where the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy. This process is the basis for nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons.

Physics - Nuclear fission Fission is where the parts of the atom dissassociate: radiation has different types, alpha, beta and gama. As things in nature degenerate such as carbon 14 to Nitrogen with Beta emission. That is a form of fission-although it happens over verrrrrry long periods of time. It happens with certain unstable isotopes and very large atoms: hence elements on the bottom of the periodic table and the lantanides and the actinides contain a lot of these unstable (radioactive) elements. (it is also happening on the sun constantly-every minute of every day. Fusion also happens on the sun. (fusion is where parts of the atom associate or gather). Biology - Binary fission Fission is the asexual reproduction of prokaryotic cells. Cells copy their DNA then grow in size beofre pinching off and creating two identical cells. It occurs every where you find bacteria, which really means everywhere on Earth from the Arctic/top of mount Everest to the deepest hydrothermal vents in the ocean.

These are almost entirely to do with the release of radiation from the reactor. All reactors produce active fission products, and these must be kept contained in the reactor primary circuit or secondary containment, whatever the fault conditions that might occur, either from internal faults or external events like earthquakes or aircraft crashes. This is a large part of the design and operating effort that makes a reactor safe to operate.

Fusion is harder to control/contain than fission.

The Sun is fusion energy and we are 150 000 000 kilometers away, it is still dangerous to be exposed to that radiation for many consecutive hours. Inside the Earth, and many rocks, have ongoing fission and it is no trouble to live on the surface of this planet.

The main disadvantage of fusion is that no scientists have been able to contain a fusion reaction long enough for there to be a net energy gain, but nuclear fission is already producing 11% of the worlds energy needs.The atomic bomb.

Nuclear fusion can be either exothermic or endothermic. We're most familiar with the exothermic kind. Fusion in stars releases immense quantities of energy. A fusion nuclear weapon releases enormous energy. But there are situations where fusion is endothermic. We don't usually think of them because of the subtle way they occur. You're wondering what's up, and the answer is in the stars. When a star burns all its energy fusing atoms together, it "hits the wall" at iron. Iron making is the last of the exothermic nuclear fusion reactions. But in stars that have sufficent mass and makeup, those that go supernova, endothermic nuclear fusion is the mechanism by which all the elements heavier than iron are created. It's the only way that they can be created in nature. When the star collapses and that tipping point where the exothermic fusion reactions can't hold it up against its own massive gravity, then it's "go time" and endothermic fusion can occur. The "big squeeze" put on all the matter creates gigantic amounts of heat - enough to drive endothermic fusion. Then the blast distributes all that material across the universe. Including the trans-iron elements created in endothermic fusion reactions during collapse and the nova event.

Why the Big Bang does not make sense Standard big bang theory states that the amount of space in the universe is increasing, but the amount of matter is fixed. If you take any amount of matter and compress it into a single point, that point becomes infinitely dense (and infinitely hot). That was what was supposed to have been the state of the universe at the time of the big bang. However, the mathematical formulas for understanding the laws of nature don’t work when one of the starts putting in “infinity”. You get all kinds of nonsense results. So, really smart physicists have come up with all kinds of theories and speculations as to how to tweak the model in order to make the impossibility of the big bang infinity work. Now, a few billion years after the big bang, scientists observe that everything in the universe is moving away from everything else. The common analogy is to describe it as a loaf of yeasted raisin bread rising. The raisins are the matter in the universe and the bread is the empty space. As the empty space increases (the bread rises) the raisins move further away from each other. The number of raisins (amount of matter) remains the same, but the size of the bread (universal empty space) increases. Then you get into what and where the matter in the universe is. 99% of it is this mysterious dark matter or dark energy that no one knows what it is and no one can detect, but must be there to make the mathematics work. So, all in all, the physicists have no clue, they are just guessing wildly. Check out Carana Renu’s blog, a good friend of mine who has a PhD in astrophysics. As I mentioned in this blog posting of mine: looking into the 5000-year old Vedic literature of ancient India sheds some light on the mystery. Those writings state that there are an unlimited number of parallel universes, each finite in the amount of matter they contain. Within each universe there are roughly 36000 cycles of partial creations and destructions (one might call them big bangs and big crunches) before one particular universe is completely destroyed (after 311 trillion years). Within the universe humans occupy only a tiny amount of space. The Vedas state that there are 14 different loka-systems (literally: places). Earth and reality as we see it occupies only one of these. The most advanced living beings in this universe live in a place called Satyaloka (literally: perfected-place) (and yes indeed, human beings are not the pinnacle of evolution). The big bang doesn’t kill the people in that supreme sphere of existence. They only die after 311 trillion years (lifetime of Brahma) when the actual universe is destroyed (sucked into a skin pore of Maha-Vishnu). So, from the Vedic perspective, it is no wonder that the Universe doesn’t make sense to the scientists, since most of it is in different (higher-dimensional?) space which we can’t understand with our limited, low-class material bodies. … and I have not even mentioned the spiritual reality where time does not exist. Why the Big Bang does not make sense Standard big bang theory states that the amount of space in the universe is increasing, but the amount of matter is fixed. If you take any amount of matter and compress it into a single point, that point becomes infinitely dense (and infinitely hot). That was what was supposed to have been the state of the universe at the time of the big bang. However, the mathematical formulas for understanding the laws of nature don’t work when one of the starts putting in “infinity”. You get all kinds of nonsense results. So, really smart physicists have come up with all kinds of theories and speculations as to how to tweak the model in order to make the impossibility of the big bang infinity work. Now, a few billion years after the big bang, scientists observe that everything in the universe is moving away from everything else. The common analogy is to describe it as a loaf of yeasted raisin bread rising. The raisins are the matter in the universe and the bread is the empty space. As the empty space increases (the bread rises) the raisins move further away from each other. The number of raisins (amount of matter) remains the same, but the size of the bread (universal empty space) increases. Then you get into what and where the matter in the universe is. 99% of it is this mysterious dark matter or dark energy that no one knows what it is and no one can detect, but must be there to make the mathematics work. So, all in all, the physicists have no clue, they are just guessing wildly. Check out Carana Renu’s blog, a good friend of mine who has a PhD in astrophysics. As I mentioned in this blog posting of mine: looking into the 5000-year old Vedic literature of ancient India sheds some light on the mystery. Those writings state that there are an unlimited number of parallel universes, each finite in the amount of matter they contain. Within each universe there are roughly 36000 cycles of partial creations and destructions (one might call them big bangs and big crunches) before one particular universe is completely destroyed (after 311 trillion years). Within the universe humans occupy only a tiny amount of space. The Vedas state that there are 14 different loka-systems (literally: places). Earth and reality as we see it occupies only one of these. The most advanced living beings in this universe live in a place called Satyaloka (literally: perfected-place) (and yes indeed, human beings are not the pinnacle of evolution). The big bang doesn’t kill the people in that supreme sphere of existence. They only die after 311 trillion years (lifetime of Brahma) when the actual universe is destroyed (sucked into a skin pore of Maha-Vishnu). So, from the Vedic perspective, it is no wonder that the Universe doesn’t make sense to the scientists, since most of it is in different (higher-dimensional?) space which we can’t understand with our limited, low-class material bodies. … and I have not even mentioned the spiritual reality where time does not exist.

Only because you can put an unlimited amount of fusion fuel in a bomb (unlimited yield), while more than a certain amount of fission fuel in a bomb will trigger predetonation and a fizzle (negligible yield) probably killing the people assembling the bomb with neutron radiation (not the blast).

The energy released per fusion event is less than 1/10 of the energy released per fission event.

the "disappearance" of a small amount of mass. Most of the energy from nuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium, which is the most likely reaction to be harnessed by man, is given off as kinetic energy of the neutrons formed. This is one of the problems involved-how to make use of this energy, even when the plasma can be contained and made to fuse, which has only been achieved for brief bursts so far. The neutrons will have to be stopped in some material surrounding the plasma to produce heat, but what material will stand up to these conditions is not clear.

In nuclear fission most of the energy appears first as kinetic energy of the fission fragments, which are then stopped in the fuel resulting in heat being generated which can be removed by the coolant, water or gas. There is also some gamma ray energy released.

The Os Coxae, or hip bone, is the result of the fusion of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. These three bones come together during development to form the hip bone, which plays a crucial role in supporting the torso and connecting the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

Energy comes from the nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in the core of stars, including our sun. This process releases a tremendous amount of energy in the form of light and heat.

Thermonuclear fusion is still going on in the core of a red giant, but it is a different type of thermonuclear fusion. The center of the core has reached high enough temperature and pressure that it can now burn helium, producing carbon.

3 4He --> 12C

The large amount of energy released by this type of fusion pushes the outer layers away, making a giant star. The expansion of volume of the surface layer causes it to cool, appearing red. Thus a red giant.

In the core of the sun, nuclear fusion occurs where hydrogen atoms combine to form helium. This process releases large amounts of energy in the form of heat and light. The sun's gravity plays a crucial role in maintaining the high temperature and pressure needed for nuclear fusion to take place.