Nuclear Physics

The primary result of a fission reaction is the conversion of mass to energy. In fission, the nucleus split, either through radioactive decay or as result of being bombarded by other subatomic particles known as neutrons.

Basically, the rest mass of an electron is the amount of energy in the mass a single electron has when it is not in motion and is the only mass in a system. Make sense? No? Let's back up a bit and then come forward.

When anything is moving, it has more energy than it had when it was standing still. And when an electron is moving, the electron has more mass because of a consequence to Albert Einstein's E=mc2. We don't see this relatavistic mass increase until we see a velocity approaching the speed of light, but it appears at any non-zero velocity. It's just that it's really, really tiny until the electron is moving at maybe 90% or more of the speed of light.

So if we look at an electron that is just hanging in space by itself, we can make a statement about its mass, and that mass will be the same, will be invarient, from one inertial frame to another. It will be the same from place to place. It's mass will be the same, and that's were we get the term invarient mass or rest mass. Let's go on one more step.

If we consider the equation we mentioned, the one that says E=mc2 as stated above, that's the so-called mass-energy equivalence. It states that energy (E) is equal to the mass (m) times the square of the speed of light (c, and its square, c2). If we consider the rest mass, and then take that mass and see how much energy that it can be converted into, we'll have the rest mass energy. And now we're back where we started and have brought you up to speed with the background physics. (We left out those pesky manifold things and stuck to the basics.) Need more information? A link is provided below.

Yes. But the risks can be managed, and we have nuclear power stations that testify to that. Certainly there have been accidents that speak to the dangers. People died of radiation sickness in some accidents. But there are a number of operating nuclear plants around the world that are critical right now and generating heat to make electricity. The cost-benefit ratio appears to be something that governments and (the majority of) society are willing to accept in allowing these plants to go online and operate.

well she had eight brothers and sisters so she has got eight siblings

Actually she was the third of eight children. So really she had seven siblings.

"Hot" nuclear fusion (this is not the term normally used) is exactly what the name implies, the materials are heated, which provides them with enough energy to overcome the normal repulsion of protons.

Cold nuclear fusion requires no heating and has not yet been proved, although dozens of Physicists and Electro-Chemists have claimed to have created cold fusion. Cold Fusion relies on other forces, such as pressure, to overcome the electrostatic force of repulsion.

There are 83 protons in the nucleus of bismuth-209 (Bi-209), and for the longest time, it was thought to be the heaviest element with at least one stable isotope. But it turns out that is it actually an alpha emitter with a half-life of about 19 x 10-18 years. As that is an extraordinarily long time, no wonder it wasn't discovered. But given such a long half-life, a lot of folks still consider it to be stable. But since it has been revealed that bismuth is unstable (though on a timescale longer than geologic), that leaves lead, with its 82 protons, as the heaviest element with a stable isotope.

there are types of electrical connections:

1. Single line to ground connection

2. Double line to ground connection

3. 1Line,Neutral (two wire connection or single phase connection)

4. 3Line,Neutral (4 wire connection or three phase connection)

5. 2 Line ,Neutral (3 wire connection or two phase connection)

We see that carbon-14 undergoes beta minus decay to become nitrogen-14. Here's the equation: 614C => 714N + e- + ve The carbon-14 nucleus has a neutron within it change into a proton Then we see both a beta minus particle (an electron with high kinetic energy) and an antineutrino ejected from the nucleus.

There are different answers for different questions, lets separate the two possible questions you might mean; a metal absorbing the radiation, or the metal becoming radioactive because of the radiation.

Nuclear radiation is composed of neutrons, obviously you see why some metal are called neutron absorbers. In neutron absorbers the metal (e.g silver, lithium) are isotopes, (e.g uranium-235, uranium-238, not all isotopes are radioactive, but the uranium to the left is) they require neutrons to match the ratio of protons or neutrons to transform it into a different form. Neutron absorbers do not absorb aswell after the amount of neutrons needed to transform is obtained. Depending on the density and thickness of the material used (e.g a sheet of paper blocks alpha radiation really well!) the radiation may just simply pass through or be partially deflected. The conclusion is if the metal is a neutron absorber its absorbs it (without becoming radioactive), if the metal is in its normal form it deflects the radiation.

If the radiation is an intense neutron beam it may irradicate the material and make it radioactive (this is extremly rare for non-isotope metals though for isotopes, if the isotope is deficient in the normal amount of neutrons, then it is highly likely to absorb it) as the intense beam of neutrons is extremly likely to pass straight through, and if it doesn't it is also extremly likely the blocked radiation will be deflected as there is not a extra space in the non-isotope metal for the extra neutron. If this extremly rare event occurs it makes the metal's atoms unstable, and they start to collapse, ( or exchange subatomic particles and expand depending on the metal!) and also starts to emit radiation.

After 36,109 years, approximately half of the uranium-238 would have decayed into other isotopes. Uranium-238 has a half-life of about 4.5 billion years, so after 36,109 years, you would be left with roughly 1/2^8000 (the number of half-lives) of the original 1000 kg. This would be an extremely small fraction, close to zero.

There are two types of beta decay, and they are beta plus (beta +) decay and beta minus (beta -) decay. A post already exists on beta decay, and a link to that related question can be found below.

during the nuclear fission a slow moving neutron bombards a heavy nucleus which then splits into smaller fragments of nearly equal masses releasing large amount of energy. the energy liberated is due to the difference between the masses of the products and the sum of fissionable material and neutron. here matter is completely converted as explained by Einstein.

AKa: A nucleus is divided into more than one nucleus.

God invented promethium, specifically in the detonation of various supernovas and during the big bang. Promethium, however, is unstable and radioactive, with short half-life, and all traces of it have long since vanished. (Except, theoretically, for the alpha decay of promethium-145, but that has not been observed in nature.)

Bohuslav Brauner, in 1902, suggested the existance of element 61, when he noted an apparent gap between neodymium and samarium. Henry Moseley, in 1914, confirmed the existence of that gap. At Ohio State University, in 1938, some nuclides were discovered that might have been promethium, but there was insufficient chemical analysis to confirm that. At Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in 1945, the first promethium was synthesized and "discovered", as a result of nuclear fission. The team that did this was composed of Jacob Marinsky, Lawrence Glendenin, and Charles Coryell.

For more information, please see the Related Link below.

There are no nuclear powered planes, and the only nuclear powered ships and subs in the US are in the Navy so use naval ports. The UK Navy has nuclear subs and these use a base in Scotland. Russia has naval ships and subs, and also nuclear ice-breakers, but I do not have port information, though they probably use Murmansk and other Arctic ports.

Half-life is the length of time required for half the atoms in a radioactive sample to decay to some other type of atom. It is a logarithmic process, i.e. in one half-life, there is half the sample left, in two half-lives there is one quarter the sample left, in three half-lives there is one eight left, etc. The equation is...

AT = A0 2 (-T/H)

... where A is activity, T is time, and H is half-life.

Alpha particles have high ionizing power due to their large mass and double positive charge. They interact strongly with atoms, causing significant ionization as they pass through a material, making them dangerous to living organisms if exposed internally.

1.he-ne laser is gaseous state. Ruby is solid state laser.

2.he-ne laser requires electrical pumping. ruby laser requires optical pumping.

3.he-ne laser has 4 energy levels. ruby has 3 energy level.

4.he-ne laser gives continuous output. ruby laser gives output in form of pulse

5. he-ne laser is cheaper

A Geiger counter can sometimes click due to natural background radiation from sources such as cosmic rays, radon gas, and radioactive isotopes in the earth. These sources can produce random bursts of radiation that the Geiger counter detects as clicks.

Nuclear explosions produce both immediate and delayed destructive effects. Immediate effects (blast, thermal radiation, prompt ionizing radiation) are produced and cause significant destruction within seconds or minutes of a nuclear detonation. The delayed effects (radioactive fallout and other possible environmental effects) inflict damage over an extended period ranging from hours to centuries, and can cause adverse effects in locations very distant from the site of the detonation.

Further reading:

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq5.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fallout

It turns out that titanium (Ti) has several stable isotopes, including Ti-50. Ti-50 doesn't naturally decay, so we won't see the beta decay of Ti-50 in the literature. If it did, it could decay in one of two ways, because there are two different "flavors" or beta decay. One decay mode is beta minus decay, and here we see a neutron is converted into a proton through the mediation of the weak interaction (weak nuclear force). In this process, an electron and an antineutrino are ejected from the nucleus. In beta plus decay, a proton is converted into a neutron, again through the mediation of the weak interaction. A positron (an anti-electron) and a neutrino are ejected from the nucleus in this process. Here's how the equations would look if the reactions were possible: For beta minus decay, 2250Ti => 2350V + e- + ve- In this case, the titanium atom is transmuted into another element, vanadium (V). This is because the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom has increased by one. For beta plus decay, 2250Ti => 2150Sc + e+ + ve+ In this case, the titanium atom is transmuted into another element, scandium (Sc). This is because the number of protons in the nucleus has decreased by one. These are the basic formulae for beta decay, and both types (beta + and beta -) are presented. You can (should) be able to write any others using this example and by thinking about it just a bit and consulting the periodic table of elements. Links can be found below for confirmation of facts and the acquisition of more information.

Ans 1

Any with a combination of an up, charm, or top quark, and a combination of two down, strange, or bottom quarks. ([(+2)+(-1)+(-1)=(0)]).

Ans 2

Two down quarks and an up quark. This combination is a neutron. A down quark has a charge of -1/3 and an up quark a charge of +2/3

They will never really know the exact events in Chernobyl. The answer is most likely yes, but it was so sudden and all of the records were obviously destroyed. It has been shown that there were many inexperienced workers at the plant.

The explosion will only take up a square mile or two. The shockwave, will spread and destroy for several more miles. The real destruction is the nuclear fallout. Tons of radioactive matieral being scatered by the wind can spread hundreds of miles.