Nuclear Physics

Dodo birds were herbivores, feeding on fruits, seeds, nuts, and possibly small insects found on the forest floor. They did not have any natural predators on their native island of Mauritius, which contributed to their lack of fear and eventual extinction due to human activities.

The time it takes for a half of the element to decay. In Example: Technetium-99 has a half life of 6 hours. If you begin with a sample of 100g, then after 6 hours you will have 50 grams, at 12 hours you will have 25 grams and so on; however it will NEVER reach 0 (it will remain in exponentially small ammounts because of the asymptote in the graph). This specific exponential decay is shown by the equation y=100(0.5)((1/6)x)

In gamma decay, the mass number remains unchanged as there is no emission of particles, only high-energy gamma rays are emitted. This process does not affect the nucleus composition, unlike alpha and beta decays which result in a change in the mass number.

Thorium-219 has a half-life of about 1.4 minutes. To calculate the time it takes for a 2kg sample to decay to 15.6g, you would need to use the radioactive decay formula. This would involve determining the number of half-lives it takes for the 2kg sample to decay to 15.6g.

In Rutherford's model of the atom the electrons had a circular motion around the nucleus. By the laws of physics, if something is going in a circular motion then it must be accelerating and a particle that accelerates is losing energy. This means that the electrons that are revolving around the nucleus would eventually fall into the nucleus. Nucleus would eventually collapse. This does not happen therefore the Rutherford model was put aside.

Bremstrahlung is German for "braking radiation." It refers to radiation that is associated with the positive or negative acceleration of charged particles. The energy of the emitted photon equals the loss of kinetic energy of the particle. Characteristic radiation refers to groups of discrete wavelengths characteristic of the emitting element.

Photons of light have different colors because they have different energies resulting in different wavelengths. There is no such thing as white light - it is a mixture of all the various wavelengths - red, blue, green, etc. - and we perceive it as white.

A positron is the antiparticle of the electron. We write the electron as e- as it is negatively charged. We write e+ or β+ for the positron. The latter symbol uses the Greek letter beta as positron emission is one of the two forms of the radioactive decay known as beta decay. Links can be found below.

A meson is comprised of one quark and one antiquark. Another way to comment on the composition of the meson might be that it contains a quark-antiquark pair. A link can be found below for more information.

Using the formula for exponential decay, we can find that the ratio of the final quantity to the initial quantity is (1/8). Since 3 half-lives have passed (3 * 67 = 201 hours), the time elapsed is 201 hours.

Delta rays very fast electrons produced in quantity by alpha particles or other fast energetic charged particles knocking orbiting electrons out of atoms. Collectively, these electrons are defined as delta radiation when they have sufficient energy to ionize further atoms through subsequent interactions on their own.

P. Stewart

Positrons are anti-electrons; they're antimatter. There are a couple of sources of positrons, and in our universe, the positron is looking for an electron to combine with so it can return from whence it came. This process, called mutual annihilation, sees the positron combine with the electron to produce two fairly high energy gamma rays (leaving the scene in opposite directions). In another universe, an antimatter one, the positron orbits around antimatter atomic nuclei. It also forms positricity in that universe.

The positron is also used in medical imaging in positron emission tomography (PET) scans. The positron doesn't have a lot of penetrating power, and it won't travel far after it is released. But it is worth noting that those gamma rays that are released when a positron and an electron mutually annihilate each other are pretty high energy ones. They have a lot of penetrating power, and they can do considerable biological damage if a living thing is exposed to a positron source for too long. The PET scan only ends up "minimally exposing" an individual during the procedure, in case you're wondering.

Links can be found below for more information.

The alpha decay of protactinium-231 will result in the appearance of actinium-227. It might look like this if we wrote it out: 91231Pa => 24He + 89227Ac The alpha particle is a helium-4 nucleus, so we write it that way.

One hydrogen atom by itself, although it releases quite a bit of energy for its size, is probably not really all that much. However, when you have a lot of them (such as in the case of the H-bomb) it is a completely different story...) Answer 2. The H-bomb doesn't use hydrogen ( 1H ) as an explosive. The first US thermonuclear device used tritium ( 3H ). It exploded, but was much too heavy to be a weapon. Since then, operational weapons use lithium deuteride ( 6Li 2H ). Normal hydrogen 1H will not explode. It will fuse if subjected to the temperatures and pressures found inside a star; that's how our sun stays hot. The fusion inside the sun is a complex series of reactions, the end result of which is four hydrogen atoms becoming a helium atom 4 1H -> 4He + 26 MeV (and some other bits and pieces). This process has a rather low probability in a star like ours - that is why it has been shining for about 5 billion years and will go on for another 5 billion without the hydrogen ever exploding. So, the energy derived from hydrogen fusion is about 6.5 MeV per atom, but we have no way to use it, peacefully or otherwise.

In general, the shorter the half-life of a radioactive substance, the more active it is. Think about it. Say you have two samples of radioactive material the size of sugar cubes. And let's say they have about the same number of atoms of the radioactive substance in them initially, but the substances are different. Substance A has a very short half-life. Substance B has an extremely long half-life. Let's look at what happens. In substance A, the material with the short half-life, atoms will be disintegrating at a high rate. There will be lots of radiation (with the type being determined by the method of decay), and it will have a high activity. It will be "hot" in the language of the physicist. Substance B will be taking its sweet time decaying. One atom here and one atom there will be decaying, and you could hold it in your hand for a while without doing much damage to yourself. In contrast, substance A would have to be kept in a containment cask to keep people who work around it safe from the radiation. For similar amounts of radioactive material, shorter half-lives mean higher activity. Having read this far, it should be simple and easy to see.

Yes, nuclear energy has been used successfully in many countries around the world to generate electricity for several decades. It provides a reliable and low-carbon source of energy, but it also comes with concerns related to safety, waste disposal, and potential for accidents.

During nuclear fusion, energy is released as a result of combining atomic nuclei to form heavier elements. This release of energy occurs due to the conversion of mass into energy, as dictated by Einstein's equation E=mc^2. This process is the same one that powers the sun and hydrogen bombs.

232Th --> 228Ra + 4He

228Ra --> 228Ac + e-

228Ac --> 228Th + e-

228Th --> 224Ra + 4He

224Ra --> 220Rn + 4He

220Rn --> 216Po + 4He

216Po --> 212Pb + 4He

212Pb --> 212Bi + e-

212Bi --> 208Tl + 4He, 212Po + e-

208Tl --> 208Pb + e-

212Po --> 208Pb + 4He

208Pb, stable

Other isotopes of Thorium undergo beta decay, but they are not naturally occurring.

Nuclear energy is created through a process called nuclear fission, where the nucleus of an atom is split into smaller parts. This process releases a large amount of energy in the form of heat, which is used to generate electricity in nuclear power plants. Uranium-235 and plutonium-239 are commonly used as fuel in nuclear reactors for this purpose.

They stop.

When thallium-201 decays by electron capture, it transforms into mercury-201. In electron capture, a proton in the nucleus combines with an inner-shell electron to form a neutron and a neutrino. The resulting nuclide is one atomic number less with the same mass number.

MWe stands for Megawatt electrical, which is a unit used to measure the electrical power output of a generator or power plant. It indicates the amount of electricity that a power plant can produce at a given moment.

Great question - at its base core - the Periodic Table is a great guide to learning about the particle sciences: Primordial Particle Sequence Listing, USPTO 2008. 0o, is what the Eurocentric Science refers to as dark matter - its imperivous after the event of the Big Bang theory at 1.09 x 10^-35. What lies beyond dimensional space/time (dimensionless infinity/eternity). Then, 01 @ 1.09 x 10^-19; 02 a@ 2.08 x 10^12; and 03 @ 1.9 x 10^-91, G @ -3.0 x 10^-52; Q @ -8.45 x 10^-29, 8.45 x 10^29; P @ 1.12 x 10^35; E @ 6.2 x 10^31 encased in an Atom. Basically, the sciences can only peer at matter as minute as ^35 according to a recent Eurocentric news report. Currently, We exist in dimensional space-time until the our Sun superNova of course. In additon, to 22 primordial morphed particles: fourteen down v/^ up in the Range of 1.72 x 10^72 to 1.4 x 10^28, including -1.5 x 10^39. With eight ^ up (only) in the range of 7.5 x 10^-80 to 9.7 x 10^-55. Multiply = (increase)^erg, and divide = (decrease)^erg. Down v/ up ^ for example, down by 2's -1.5 x 10^39, e.g., 37, 35, . . . 0.00 then up by 2's -11, -13, . . . 0.00 Whereas, the eight up ^ only go in one direction and will not change to a pos. 1.72 x 10^-72, e.g., up ^ -74, -76, . . . 0.00 Sr = 1.2 x 10^16. Iv^r = 3.4 x 10^10. Ev = 7.6 x 10^-10. Gx = 1.4 x 10^10, 1.4 x 10^-10. Qt = 1.^16 and Qz = 815,730,721.0. An illustration: Particle-sci. flaw with the CERN project - 10,000 wires fried, 2008. CERN treated a multidimensional entity (particle) - either at the atom level or sub-atomic level as a one-dimensional entity. Ooh-la-la - the French could probably use one of my capacitors, USPTO 2008. But they aren't for export. Patent infringement is comparable to infringement by the Internet on music downloads . . . Besides: 9/11 was grievous and aggressivley hostile. ATMA also frowns on reverse engineering, industrial espionage, et seq. - the record is as it is . . . (trust/don't trust). Strictly speaking the periodic table contains only atoms. An alpha particle is the nucleus of 2He4 , or common Helium, minus its electrons.

Since an alpha particle is simply two protons and two neutrons bound together, or He2+, the alpha decay of selenium-78 is easily determined. Selenium-78 has 34 protons and 44 neutrons. Subtract 2 from each of these due to the loss of the alpha particle and you have 32 protons and 42 neutrons. This new atom is germanium-74.

No, radioactive decay is not the same as organic decay. The basic difference between radioactive decay and organic decay is that in organic decay, chemical compounds break down and the biochemical structure of the subject changes. This is a natural process that any biological structures will undergo, or it could be induced. In either case, it represents a chemical change. In radioactive decay, the actual atomic nuclei of atoms will break down in some way, depending on the substance being considered. It is the unstable atomic nucleus of given isotopes of elements that undergoes the change, and this is a nuclear or atomic change.