Obstetrics & Gynecology

You almost make it sound like a hobby. Gynecology exists for the same reasons that Dentistry, Podiatry and Psychology exist. There was (is) a definite need for it in order for us to live longer lives. Regarding the history, each country has its own history in introducing Gynecological services. Go to "Google.com" and type in "history of gynecology."

Itching is often the only symptom noticed by a woman who suffers from ICP. The itching will typically increase in severity until either treatment is implemented or delivery takes place. The itching is often more pronounced on the bottom of the hands and feet and will increase with blood flow. Although itching sounds like a minor symptom, to a woman who suffers with ICP, it can be a life hindering problem. Loss of sleep, loss of appetite, and an inability to perform normal daily tasks can be a result of the intense itching! Please keep in mind that some itching is normal in pregnancy. ICP itching is usually distinguished by the fact that a woman will itch all over her entire body. Some women scratch themselves so frantically that they make themselves bleed. It is important to note that itching is often overlooked by doctors because of the fact that it is often a normal side affect of pregnancy. If a woman finds herself itching more than normal, it is important she request a Serum Bile Acid test as soon as possible. Dark Urine

The biochemical reactions that take place during ICP often create darker colored urine. You might notice that after you urinate that the toilet looks much darker than normal. This can be a sign of dehydration, but can be caused by ICP as well. Jaundice Although it is more uncommon to have jaundice in the mother, it does sometimes occur during ICP. If you notice a pale yellow appearance to the skin or eyes, please seek medical attention. Fatigue

Although fatigue is very common all throughout pregnancy, ICP can also cause fatigue due to the large role the liver plays in the metabolization process. ICP an also cause fatigue through stress, loss of sleep, and the malabsorption of some vitamins and minerals. Premature Labor

Another possible sign and symptom of ICP is the onset of premature labor. Early delivery in mothers with ICP is encouraged, but delivering too early can be dangerous. You may wish to talk to your doctor about taking precautions such as taking a steroid shot to help the baby with developing his or her lungs. Symptoms NOT Usually Associated With ICP

A rash is not usually associated with ICP, although one many develop that is caused by all the scratching. Some women report having splotchy, red, hot to-the-touch, hands and feet. It is not normal for ICP to worsen after delivery. If this happens, more testing should be done to rule an underlying liver disorder. However, it should be noted that in severe cases of cholestasis or after repeated cases, it can take several months for liver functions to return to normal. Some women have reported it taking as long as a full year for blood work to return to pre-ICP levels.

It depends on what you mean. I'm assuming you mean some doctor has acted inappropriately toward you. You have a couple of options.

If the doctor works for a hospital or clinic, you can report the doctor to the hospital director or the doctor's supervisor.

If the doctor works for him or herself, you have fewer options, but if what the doctor did is criminal, you can file a complaint with the AMA (if you are in the USA) or the corresponding organization if you are in another country, or to the police or other appropriate authority.

the lowest - 200,000 middle-250,000 highest-300,000

yes

Although pronounced "leap," the procedure is actually LEEP, or loop electrosurgical excision procedure. When performing LEEP, the doctor will use a loop electrode to remove a portion of the cervix. During LEEP, a high-intensity electrical current is passed through the loop-electrode, allowing the doctor to shave off a thin slice of cervical tissue. This slice of tissue can be examined under a microscope to check for abnormal cells, if the purpose of LEEP was diagnosis. LEEP can also be used to remove any tissue that may be found to be cancerous or pre-cancerous once it is found. A local anesthetic is administered to the patient before the procedure, and sometimes pain medication is prescribed to ease postoperative discomfort.

This "growth" that the doctor is removing is a vague term. Most "growths" removed by this procedure will be determined to be what is called "cervical dysplasia." Cervical dysplasia is a term used to describe abnormal cells that are at high risk of becoming cancerous, but are not cancer yet. Whatever the results of microscopic evaluation, the problem is often cured by the L.E.E.P. Therefore, L.E.E.P. is both a biopsy and a removal of the abnormal tissue (a cure if you will) all at once. Avoid tampons and sex for four weeks after procedure. One of the side effects of LEEP procedure is inability for the cervix to dilate during labor for childbirth, greatly increasing a woman's chance of c-section. There are alternative medicines available for cervical dysplasia.

There are no particular "number of courses" it takes to become an Ob/Gyn, but it takes a minimum of 12 years after high school.

That can only be determined with an examination by a health care professional. And, it is not normal, so I would not delay having a GYN check up. Some things that are possible are as simple as a urinary tract infection and others could be very serious.

Since you have had a hysterectomy, it can not be menstrual bleeding. If you had a supracervical hysterectomy, then the cervix is still in place and it is possible it is causing the bleeding you saw. (Women who have had this type of hysterectomy must continue to get routine pap smears.)

The medical professional will need to know some details if you can provide them. Such as the color of the blood (bright red or dark red or blackish). Was it on the toilet tissue after you urinated or seen in the water or your underwear? And again, was that pink-tinged urine or frank red blood? Did it come from your vagina or your urethra? Have you had any other symptoms besides a cough, e.g., burning on urination, abdominal pain, urinating in small frequent amounts, etc. etc. etc.

Run through the details in your mind before your appointment so you are ready with them when the care giver asks.

J.Marion Sims

The American Journal of Scientific Research is a fraudulent company which is not even indexed in the ISI. It is not even based in the US, but in Mahe, Seychelles. It published anything you submit provided that you pay the publication fee. Don't get trapped. It is only interested in your money. You can get in touch with Thompson to verify that it is not indexed in ISI., SeychellesMa Mahé, Seychelles

dr johar khatoon

It is an antibiotic and can be used by any medical speciality

through the vagina. have a look on www.gurgle.com - you can see how it all happens on a video!

Mainly for signs of breast cancer.

There are new experiments taking place in research every day. Some examples of experimental research titles that could be used on topics effecting the people of today include "Are schools that allow prayer stronger than schools that don't?", "Is television or video games leading to more school violence?", or "Does lack of nutrition play a role in the crimes committed?".

Vaginal tightening can cause bleeding on one's wedding night due to stretching. Whether or not a hymenoplasty is needed depends on the severity of the tearing.

The placement of the placenta in the uterus has absolutely no relationship to the sex of the child.

Andrology; study of Male Reproductive Organs.

This is because meperidine is less addictive, has less effect on newly born babies and its passage through the placenta is less than morphine.

it is the interface between the fetus and the mother's blood supply

it acts like a filter - supplying nutrients to the fetus and disposing of waste material from the fetus to the mother

all of this without actually mixing the blood of the fetus and the mother

To minimize complications of jaundice and intervene as early as possible.