Optics

Refraction does not affect the intensity of light; intensity remains constant through refraction. Refraction only changes the direction of light as it passes through different mediums of different densities. The intensity of light can change due to absorption or scattering when light interacts with particles in the medium.

hey guys this is pooja.....the answer is that it is used to detect the optical activity of a plane polarised light...!! my question: is polarisation of light by dichroism there in 2009 isc syllabus of physics.?? pls let me know...ok? thanks....do reply if u r reading my question....thanks...!! urs pooja

Hey Pooja. I might be able to help. :)

It is about the vibration be represented by a "sin" wave. Its unpolarised energy radiates from all direction. when plane polarized vibrate in a single plane of direction from the source.

Hope this helps.

Yes, light refraction does involve the bending of light as it passes through a different medium, such as air to water or vice versa. This bending occurs due to the change in speed of light as it travels from one medium to another, leading to a change in direction.

In optics, the transfer of light energy to particles of matter is called absorption. This occurs when the photons of light are absorbed by the particles, resulting in an increase in the particles' energy level.

Polarized light consists of waves that oscillate in a specific plane, whereas unpolarized light contains waves vibrating in multiple planes. Light can be polarized by passing it through a polarizing filter, which allows only waves oscillating in a particular direction to pass through. Another method is reflection off a surface at a specific angle called Brewster's angle, which causes the reflected light to be polarized parallel to the surface.

The effects of the wave nature of light include the reflection, refraction, dispersion,

and diffraction of light, and its behavior during constructive and destructive interference.

Everyday examples include:

-- Mirrors, which would not work without reflection.

-- Eyeglasses and the human eye, which would not work without refraction.

-- Satellite dishes, which would not work without constructive interference.

The index of refraction of a material is calculated as the speed of light in a vacuum divided by the speed of light in the material. Therefore, if the speed of light in the material is 1.240 x 10^8 m/s, you would divide the speed of light in a vacuum (3.00 x 10^8 m/s) by this value to find the index of refraction.

Fiber optics are used in medicine for procedures such as endoscopy and minimally invasive surgery, where thin flexible fiber optic cables with a light source and camera can be inserted into the body to visualize internal organs or tissues. Fiber optics are also used in medical imaging techniques like confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography for high-resolution imaging of cellular structures and tissues.

Fibre optic cables are single strands of glass fibre, the glass carefully chosen to have a very small loss of intensity. The diameter of the fibre is still greater than the wavelength of light so the signal could bounce around inside the fibre in a rather uncontrolled way, so fibres are constructed with a graded refractive index (across the radius) which helps confine the light to a single mode. Lower refractive index on the outside.

There is a use however for ungraded fibres, normally thicker, for carrying high energy power. Needed in some applications.

Because of the lower refractive index of the outer part of the fibre, the transmission speed of the light through the fibre is less than the speed of light.

The actual light used in these applications is laser light and this is modulated with the information signal. Because of the very high frequency of the laser light, the modulation frequency can be quite high, thus giving a high rate of data transfer. Modulation will be a few tens of GHz, but THz frequencies are in sight, with appropriate lasers of course.

Fibre optic cables are immune to electromagnetic interference. They are normally coated with a protective coating coloured to indicate the type of cable. Several fibres may be bundled together, but even so, are still quite small compared to other equivalents. And use simple materials in plentiful supply.

One unusual application of fibre optics is in spy cameras which, since the elements in the target room need have no metal, and the camera mechanics may be rather remote, these are more immune to bug sweeping. Similar short range applications include monitoring of machine parts, and the use in medicine to see inside blood vessels for example.

Refraction is the bending (changing direction) of light (or other wave) as it passes from one medium to another. Waves also change speed when refraction occurs.

Most of the examples of refraction that people encounter in daily life involve light and either glass or water, but all waves exhibit refraction, including sound and water.

1. A relatively pure example of refraction can be observed if one places a straight object like a pencil partly in a glass of water and then observes the apparent change in the direction of the image of the straight object when it crosses the surface of the water.

2. A prism is an example of refraction. It also illustrates that the extent of refraction of light depends on the color. In a prism, light is refracted as it enters and as it leaves the prism and the light waves of different colors change directions by different amounts so that when they exit the colors are seen at different angles.

3. Rainbows have color because of refraction in a manner similar to a prism. The rainbow results when light waves encounter drops of water. There is also reflection involved and a full explanation is more complicated than the case of a prism.

4. All lenses (including the lenses in eye glasses) function because of refraction. Light enters the lens on one side and because the surface of the lens is curved, the angle of light inside is different depending on the place on the lens surface where it entered. That is called focusing light. It happens again as the light exist the lens. The eye itself has a lens that operates because of refraction and creates the image on the retina of the eye.

5. When you look into water, the objects that you see are not in the location where the image appears. Native peoples who hunted fish with a spear learned that you do not through the spear at the image of the fish because the angle of the light changes coming out of the surface of the water and makes it appear as though the fish is slightly displaced.

6. Sound refracts as does any other wave. One can not easily notice this, but if you are under water and sound enters from the air, the apparent direction will shift by some angle.

7. Water waves refract and it is easily demonstrated with a so-called ripple tank. When the depth of water changes, so does the speed of a wave. In a ripple tank one can place a flat surface on the flat bottom of a tank so there are two different water depths separated by a straight edge. Waves creates in one depth that encounter the edge at an angle will be seen to change direction. This is most obvious for very shallow depths around a centimeter.

8. Ocean waves change speed and so also demonstrate refraction but it is not clearly seen unless there is an edge such as described for the ripple tank. Ocean waves are a different sort of wave than a ripple but still can show diffraction. One can obviously see the change in speed and wavelength of waves as they come to a shore and that is related to the refraction process.

9. In old glass windows the glass is sometimes not very flat and ripples in the glass are evident. (Ripples in water give the same effect.) When you view an image through rippled glass the image is distorted because that light that entered was bent when it came in at an angle different than it was bent on the way out. The bending is refraction and the same kind of refraction as with a lens, but the ripples are irregular where as a lens is carefully smoothed.

Night vision sensors are typically made using technologies such as image intensification or thermal imaging. Image intensification sensors amplify existing light to create a visible image in low-light conditions, while thermal imaging sensors detect differences in heat emitted by objects to create an image. These sensors are often assembled using specialized components like lenses, sensors, and processing units.

DioptreA dioptre, or diopter, is a unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens or curved mirror, which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in metres (that is, 1/metres). For example, a 3 dioptre lens brings parallel rays of light to focus at 1/3 metre. The same unit is also sometimes used for other reciprocals of distance, particularly radii of curvature and the vergence of optical beams. The term was proposed by French ophthalmologist Felix Monoyer in 1872

1. Optics is the study of light and its interaction with materials.
2. The speed of light in a vacuum is about 186,282 miles per second.
3. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a more dense to a less dense medium and reflects back into the denser medium.
4. The color of an object is determined by the wavelengths of light that it absorbs and reflects.

It would be great if questions like this one could be made easier to understand by the persons who ask them.

What is the question really asking? * Is it asking for some help with an investigatory project about optics?

* Or if there is an investigatory project about optics somewhere?

* Or is it looking for an job or research opportunity to work on an investigatory project about optics? Please understand that this answer is only trying to help you! You would be much more likely to get a more useful answer than this one if you added some more words to describe exactly what you are asking for.

a mirage

No, not really. white is the complete absence of color (red green blue) and black is the combination of all colors. While in art you are taught thar red yellow and blue are the primary colors, in physics you are taught that they are really red green and blue. The combination of these colors create magenta, cyan, and purple. The combination of all three colors is black and absence of all three colors is white.

The angle of refraction for a beam of light striking a diamond at an angle of 45 degrees will depend on the refractive index of the diamond material. The angle of refraction would be less than 45 degrees due to the bending of light as it enters the denser medium of the diamond.

reflection is when light its something like a mirror and refraction is light going through something solid that is not like a mirror

when light falls on a surface and bounces back, it is reflection and when light is absorbed by the surface or passes through the surface but does not bounces back, it is refraction.

The angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism is smaller for red light compared to violet light. This is because red light has a longer wavelength, which causes it to refract less through the prism. As a result, the prism bends the red light less, leading to a smaller angle of minimum deviation.

If a beam of light enters a substance with a higher density than air and at an angle, the light is refracted so that an object on the far side of the substance appears to be closer to the observer. If the density of the substance is lower than that of air, the light is refracted away from the observer and the object being viewed appears to be farther away.

Some significant contributions in these fields include the development of the theory of vibrations by Ernst Chladni, the invention of the stethoscope by René Laennec for medical application of sound, the discovery of ultrasonic imaging by George Kossoff for medical diagnostics, the diffraction theory by Augustin-Jean Fresnel in optics, and the study of magnetism by William Gilbert and later advancements by Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell.

If the angle of incidence is made smaller for light passing from a rarer to a denser medium, the angle of refraction will also decrease. This is because of the law of refraction, which states that light bends towards the normal when moving from a rarer medium to a denser medium. Therefore, as the angle of incidence decreases, the angle of refraction will also decrease.

The angle of refraction in the glass is likely to be less than 45 degrees since light bends towards the normal when it passes from a less dense medium (air) to a denser medium (glass). The exact angle of refraction can be calculated using Snell's Law: n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂, where n₁ and n₂ are the refractive indices of air and glass, respectively.

If light goes from flint glass into ethanol and the angle of refraction in the ethanol is 27.6, the angle of incidence in the glass is approximately 23.21. This calculation is based on refractive index of pure flint glass being 1.60 and refractive index of ethanol being 1.361.