Optics

It can range very widely. They can go from 5 mega bits per second to 50 giga bits per second. (with different types of cabling.) In Sept 2009, in their lab, Alcatel-Lucent achieved a speed of 2 Peta bits per second over 7,000KM. That's over 100 million Giga bits per second.

Fiber optics were first demonstrated by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in the 1840s, but the technology saw significant development and commercialization by researchers at Corning Glass Works in the 1970s. They created the first low-loss optical fiber that revolutionized telecommunications and data transmission.

Fiber optics are used in medicine for various applications such as endoscopy, laser surgeries, imaging techniques like Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), and diagnostic procedures like light-guided catheter insertions in minimally invasive surgeries. The use of fiber optics allows for precise and minimally invasive procedures, providing real-time visualization and access to remote or hard-to-reach areas within the body. Additionally, fiber optics enable the delivery of laser energy for cutting, coagulation, and photodynamic therapy in medical procedures.

Unpolarized light has electromagnetic waves vibrating in all directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation. A polarizing filter only transmits light that is polarized along the same axis as the filter's axis. (Note that a polarizing filter also partially allows some orientations through that have some component of its axis along the same axis as the filter). The transmitted light thus constitutes half of the incident unpolarized light.

Think of it like this: unpolarized light is like a rope vibrating up and down and a rope vibrating side to side. A polarizing filter is like "slots." If the slots are up and down, only up and down vibrations can get through. The other half- the side to side vibrations- are blocked.

Fiber optics cables offer advantages such as high bandwidth capacity, low signal loss, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. They also provide faster data transmission speeds over longer distances compared to traditional copper cables. Additionally, fiber optics cables are lightweight and more durable, making them suitable for various applications in telecommunications and networking.

When I raise my left hand, my reflection raises what appears to be its right hand. This occurs due to the mirror's reflective properties where left and right are reversed. So, my reflection's right side aligns with my left side, creating the illusion of switching hands.

The phenomenon you are referring to is known as a mirage. When light passes through air layers of different temperatures above warm surfaces, such as pavement or sand, the bending of light rays causes distorted images to form. This can create illusions of water or objects that are not actually present.

You can purchase mounting baserail for optics for the Feather AT-22 from online retailers that specialize in firearm accessories, such as Brownells or MidwayUSA. Alternatively, you can check with the manufacturer or local gun shops for availability.

Snell's law is the first law of optics, and also known as the law of refraction. It is a formula used to describe the relation between an angle of incidence and refraction, when referring to light.

Translucent means light passes through the medium, but the light is diffused so that object beyond cannot be seen clearly.

Transparent means that light passes through the medium and is not diffused and objects beyound can be seen clearly.

laws of refraction are as follows:=1) the incident ray, refracte dray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie on the same plane.==2) the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant.this is also called the snell's law.=

An analog-to-digital (AD) converter is needed in fiber optics communication to convert analog signals into digital format for processing and transmission. In digital fiber optic systems, signals are encoded as digital data bits for better noise immunity, signal integrity, and compatibility with digital processing equipment. The AD converter captures the analog signal and converts it into binary data that can be easily transmitted and interpreted in the digital domain.

The sources of light are

1. Natural source of light

2. Artificial source of light

Light (a form of electromagnetic radiation) is produced when an electron moves from a high energy state to a lower energy state. Light is produced by the release of energy, either nuclear, chemical, mechanical, or electrical energy. Light consists of packets called photons, but also acts as a wave with a specific wavelength and frequency.

Well, Newton itself proposed that photons went changing betwen two states, one for reflection and another one for refraction. ¿But what would it mean exactly?

Perhaps in the reflection state the photon would "feel" a repulsive interaction about matter, while in the refraction state it would be attractive. ¿But how to avoid photons interacting randomly with any near particle or nucleus scattering themselves through the glass or the prysma?

The answer to this could be that this "photonic interaction" only can interact over photons that have a speed below a maximum. This maximum would go increasing with distance respect to the originary particle of the interaction. This way only the atomic nucleus at certain distances would interact with the photon, in a way similar to gravity or its oposite.

When a photon came near enough to the glass surface (a change of density) it would "feel" a force of attraction or repulsion. In the first case it would penetrate the glass surface and in short it would be "flying" enough in its interior to feel a total force of 0 (in spite of changing state). In the second case of repulsion the photon would be reflected with the correct angle to the normal.

Here I don't speak about the direct interaction with atoms and electrons. But I read somewhere that also reflection/refraction was a quantic process of absortion/emission, in wich I cannot agree in any way. An atom or electron alone "doesn't know anything" about the place that it occupies in the glass surface and its orientation with respect to its normal. So, ¿how could it emit the corresponding photon in the correct direction in reflection or refraction? You can never suppose intelligence in particle interaction.

About the prysma effect with different colors it's more difficult. According to the above hypotesis it should be because of photons having different inertia or speed. Because they are supposed to have in vacuum the same speed (in spite of Newton thought) they should have a different very small "mass". Mass in respect to the photonic interaction proposed. Whether it should be considered an extension of gravity force into short distances I don't know.

Could it be the speed of this change of state what defines photon frequency who knows. Also it could be possible that in fact there was some very small difference in speed between different frequency photons (explaining prysma effect).

Lowest speed in glass could be explained by some temporary time slow down effect of the interaction (overmost with higher frequencies). This could also explain why blue light bends more in the prysma surface in spite of having the same c speed in vacuum.

I know assuming this hypothesis is very imaginative and contrary to the main believe but...

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For something to exist it has to be "simulatable" with enough CPU and memory

To change the lens on Smith Optics goggles, remove the frame from the lens by bending the frame slightly to release it. Once the frame is removed, insert the new lens by lining up the notches on the lens with the tabs on the frame, then snap the frame back in place. Make sure the lens is securely attached before using the goggles.

The very basic principle adopted in optical fibre is the phenomenon of light known as total internal reflection. In case of ordinary reflection, there will be a chance of the light energy to escape through the reflecting surface. But in case of total internal reflection, even a bit of energy could not escape hence it is named as total internal reflection. Compared to the propagation of electromagnetic energy through space, passing through optical fibre would be without any loss and so the transmission efficiency becomes very high.

The study of light and the interaction of light and matter is termed optics. The observation and study of optical phenomena such as rainbows and the aurora borealis offer many clues as to the nature of light as well as much enjoyment.

The price of a Zeiss Universal Research Microscope with Polarization and reflected and transmitted light can vary significantly based on the specific model, features, and any additional accessories that are included. It's recommended to contact a Zeiss sales representative or check their official website for the most up-to-date pricing information.

A virtual image in optics is an image that is formed where light appears to converge, but does not physically intersect. This type of image cannot be projected onto a screen because it is perceived to be located behind the mirror or lens that produced it.

Lights blinking at a distance is due to the atmosphere. They appear to twinkle actually vs blinking on a periodic basis. What happens is that over long distances, enough water vapor and other opaque gases get into your line of sight (between you and the light source). However, due to wind currents, the vapor and gases that block your vision are constantly moving. Hence, the light is blocked/unblocked/blocked as the gases and vapor in your line of sight keep moving.

Some properties are:

• Light travels in straight lines

• Light can be reflected

• Light can be bent

• Light is a form of Energy

Light does travel in straight lines at the level of classical physics. In true Universal strictness all motion is curved. Light not only can be reflected, but it can be absorbed so to speak. All light, which is classified as electromagnetic radiation, exerts forward impact pressure when it hits matter. Light can enter into matter causing atomic and molecular increased activity. This activity is usually in the infrared frequency, which we know as heat. This increase in activity is shown as electrons bumped up to higher levels of activity. The photon disappears, or hidden by being idle, almost mass-less. The matter will cool, and decrease its activity, and the electrons will drop back down a notch, and when this happens a photon will be now kicked out of the matter again as heat. If electrons are kicked loose within the matter it is called the photoelectric effect. This is only done with specific frequencies that sync in with the electrons.

It is my belief that light is not a form of energy. The basic definition of energy was for a long time and still is for some... "the ability of matter to do work as measured by work done." Max Planck, and especially Albert Einstein twisted this into mathematics and use the values of measurements, as entities. When light photons come from the Sun, it is their forward motion pressure that give us heat and visible light. Technically we don't see anything. Photons as different frequencies enter our eyes and hit the rod and cone cells that send EM signal to the brain to map out a picture for us. Actually blind children sometimes hit themselves in the eyes to "see" flashes that are sort of like a sighted person sees when rubbing our eyes. I will also mention that when we see a frequency of light that gives us a particular color, as from a red rose... it is the light reflected from the rose! The light we don't see is absorbed into the matter of the rose... and it is speculation as to what color the rose really is... If the rose is black... all the light was absorbed, and none reflected, and we are seeing the absence of light, or just not seeing, for that particular area.

I also want to mention here; that science has now measured the radiated particle called a neutrino, at a speed faster than the speed of light.

Back to the straight line trajectory... There is an extremely high probability that all the stars in the sky are not exactly in straight lines from where we view them. Most are many, many light years away, and gravitation is all inclusive to our Universe, thus bending space (probably) causing curvature of light coming to us.

Asumming the polariser is vertical, then 100% of vertically polarised light passes through it and 0% horizontal light passes through it. Simple so far.

For 45 degree light it gets weired. Each photon of light has a 50:50 chance of making it through. It is impossible to tell if a particlular photon will or will not pass through. it is totally random. If it does pass through however it will change its polarisation to vertical!

So a scientist would measure a beam of vertically poloarised light at 50% intensity.

Wearing reflective clothes is very helpful whilst cycling as it is bright and this will cause less accidents to take place.

It also helps drivers to see cycle's at night so there would be fewer accidents and injuries.

Part of the surface of the garment may have retro reflective stripes. This way they become much more visible in the dark for observers near a light source, such as the driver of a car with its headlights on. The pattern of the retro reflecting parts also helps to distinguish between objects and people.

VIZZIBL Reflective Clothing uses 3M Scotchlite film, the world's best reflective material. Our clothing uses retroreflection technology. When a car's headlights illuminate one of our shirts, the 3M film sends the reflection of the light right back to the driver. The reflective film on our clothing "lights up" making you visible to the driver. In low light or complete darkness, VIZZIBL clothing can make you safer. Be VIZZIBL tonight.