Optics

All rubies are not red .Its colour varies from deep to pale red, in some cases with a tinge of purple, depending on chromium and iron content.

Light, as a natural phenomenon, has existed since the beginning of the universe. In terms of artificial light sources created by humans, the first known invention was probably fire, which was discovered rather than invented by early humans. The development of different light sources like candles, oil lamps, and electric lights occurred over many centuries.

One fiber optic strand is made of glass. It is quite small and the light actually passes through an area within the core of the strand. Data is pushed through (zeros and ones) and data can be 'piggy backed' with other data. Think of a prism and all the data is the colors in the prism. The computer systems will take all the data (colors) and condense them into one (white light) and push them through the fiber strand at the speed of light. At the other end of the fiber cable, the reverse is done and the data goes out to respected customers (ie Walmart, your bank or cell service). The fiber may or may not have a splice. If so, then the splice must be near perfect or the data will bounce (refract) out, much like dropping a pebble into a calm lake...the ripples will disturb the data. You couldn't have water in the splice, as it is fused together with heat. Fiber Optic Cable splicing is a technical skill and can be time-consuming. It may take one full day to simply splice 24 fibers. Fiber optic cables come in different groups. For example, telecom can have cables with as few as 12 fibers or as many as 244. So, call someone before you dig in your yard in case you hit one of these cables. The data lost and customers lost to the owner of the cable could run into the millions of dollars...and your homeowner's insurance may not cover you! Hope this helps!!
It is expensive

Several people contributed to the making of fiber optics, including Alexander Graham Bell. The first person to actually make it work, however, was a medical student named Heinrich Lamm in 1930.

A hotlink is a direct link to an image on someone else's web server. For example, if you saw an image that you like in one of these blinkies resources and you put the image on your weblog using the image URL source of that other person's site, then you are hotlinking. And, unless the owner of that site permits this, then you are stealing bandwidth, which is unacceptable. The right thing to do, if you are allowed to use an image from someone else's site but not allowed to hotlink, is to save that image on your computer. Then, upload the image on your own server. You can then link the image to your weblog.

The Lens is the image-forming device on a camera. The lens bends light rays to project an image onto a light sensitive medium, which may be any of several forms, including film, sensitized glass plate, or electronic sensor.

The Diaphragm is a variable opening which controls the quantity (brightness) of light falling on the light sensitive medium.

The Shutter controls the length of time light is permitted to fall on the light sensitive medium. It can take many forms, but usually has some method for precision adjustment of the time it is open.

Light passing through the lens, aperture, and (when open) the shutter forms an image of specific brightness for a specific duration on the light sensitive medium.

Light also passes through a viewfinder system, which may be a part of the optical system of the camera, or separate from it. In the most complex cameras, some of the light passing through the lens is diverted into a viewfinder by means of a mirror or prism. By using some of the same light passing into the camera, these systems permit the user to see essentially what the camera is seeing.

(See discussion)

When we keep the glass slab over some printed matter, the light coming from the letters (after reflection ) face change of medium at glass-air interface. Since glass has more refractive index than air, the light bends away from the normal as it goes out of glass. This apparently causes us to see the letters raised. Hope this clarified your doubt.

The lens power increases as the curvature of the lens surface becomes steeper. A lens with a larger radius of curvature will have a lower power, while a lens with a smaller radius of curvature will have a higher power. This relationship is described by the lensmaker's equation, which relates the power of a lens to the refractive index of the lens material and the radii of curvature of its surfaces.

a phenomenon called dispersion. This causes the different wavelengths of light to separate, resulting in the formation of a rainbow. The droplets act as miniature prisms, bending and reflecting light to create the distinctive bands of colors.

Polarized light consists of waves that oscillate in a specific direction, while non-polarized light has waves oscillating in multiple directions. Polarization can occur through reflection, refraction, or filtering, allowing certain orientations of light waves to be transmitted or absorbed. In contrast, non-polarized light, such as sunlight, contains waves vibrating in all possible orientations. This distinction is important in various applications, including photography, sunglasses, and optical devices.

Light, typically IR.

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When water's chemical structure is drawn, the two hydrogen atoms do not bond in a straight line with the oxygen atom, but rather form a Micky Mouse shape. Additionally, the hydrogen atoms have a positive charge when bonded, while the oxygen atom tends to have a negative charge. Because of the irregular shape, combined with the difference in charges, the negative end has a tendency to stick out and cause one side of the molecule to be negative, and the other positive. This difference in charges on each side of a molecule is called polarity, but it can be applied to water specifically.

Incidentally, water also has a tendency to group together due to its polarity, forming hydrogen bonds with itself and other polar molecules. This is the reason for the phenomena that is surface tension; the water forms a net of sorts because the negative end on one molecule is attracted to the positive end on another.

Blurriness is caused by the light being too scattered upon the retina or the light not quite reaching the retina. So squinting blocks some of the light and may bend some of it as well.

In some cases, you might be able to squint hard enough to push in the cornea some, which would help with nearsightedness and some cases of astigmatism.

Calcite is birefractive which means that its refractive index depends on the polarisation and direction of propagation of the light that reaches it. For more introductory information please see the wikipedia article about this substance.

The reason white light is separated into colors is because light of different colors have slightly different indices of refraction. Thus, for example, red light might be bent a little bit more than blue light.

Yes.

In polarized light, the plane of the electrical (and magnetic) oscillations is the same for all photons (particles of light). For example, if the light is traveling away from you, all photons might have electrical oscillations that go up and down.

they r erect,virtual,deminished and independent of distance.

Circularly polarized light can be obtained from linearly polarized light by passing it through a quarter-wave plate. This plate delays one of the orthogonal components of the linearly polarized light by a quarter of a wavelength, leading to a phase shift that results in circular polarization.

The emergent ray is the ray of light which passes through a denser medium(glass) to a rarer medium(air).