Particle Physics

An atom with 31 electrons will have the electron configuration of [Ar] 4s^2 3d^10 4p^1, representing the filling of the electron orbitals up to the 4th energy level. The element with 31 electrons is gallium (Ga), which has 31 protons in its nucleus to balance the electrons.

The two most recognizable types of electron tubes are vacuum tubes and cathode ray tubes. Vacuum tubes are electronic devices that control electrical signals, while cathode ray tubes are used in older television and computer monitors to display images.

Nitrogen's atomic number is 7. That means that it has 7 positively charged protons in the nucleus. To be neutral, nitrogen must then also have 7 negatively charged electrons in its electron cloud.

No, neutrons have a neutral charge and electrons have a negative charge. Protons have a positive charge.

No, an atom of chlorine with 20 protons would not be chlorine-37. Chlorine-37 has 17 protons and 20 neutrons, totaling 37 particles in its nucleus. The number of electrons in a neutral chlorine-37 atom would be 17, not 20.

The rules that electrons must follow when populating energy levels are governed by 4 quantum numbers. These numbers, and their relationships to each other, can be derived through the use of quantum mechanics, but that is beyond the scope of this answer. Instead, I'll list the numbers and their corresponding rules and then explicitly show why the second energy level can only have 8 electrons.

The quantum numbers are:

n, where n ≥ 1,

l, where n - 1 ≥ l ≥ 0,

ml, where l ≥ ml ≥ -l, and

ms, where ms = ±½.

n corresponds to the energy level of an atom, thus n = 2 corresponds to the second energy level.

For n = 2:

2 - 1 ≥ l ≥ 0 = 1 ≥ l ≥ 0, so l can be only 0 or 1.

For l = 0:

0 ≥ ml ≥ -0 = 0 ≥ ml ≥ 0, so ml = 0.

For l = 1:

1 ≥ ml ≥ -1, so ml can be -1, 0, or 1.

So far, then, we have 4 unique sets of quantum numbers, which I'll list below using the format n, l, ml.

2, 0, 0,

2, 1, -1,

2, 1, 0,

2, 1, 1.

The final step is to add the quantum number ms, which can be either ½ or -½, to each of those 4 sets of numbers above. This quantum number corresponds to the fact that electrons can have an intrinsic spin value of ±½. This now gives us the 8 unique sets of quantum numbers, corresponding to the 8 possible states that an electron can occupy in an atom's second energy level, that we were looking for. I'll list them below.

2, 0, 0, ½,

2, 0, 0, -½,

2, 1, -1, ½,

2, 1, -1, -½,

2, 1, 0, ½,

2, 1, 0, -½,

2, 1, 1, ½,

2, 1, 1, -½.

Protons are converted into neutrons during positron emission to satisfy certain conservation laws, like charge and baryon number.

The following reaction takes place during positron emission:

p+ --> n + e+ + ve, where p+ is a proton, n is a neutron, e+ is a positron (antielectron), and ve is an electron neutrino.

Charge is +1 on both sides of the reaction, and so is conserved.

Baryonic number is 1 on both sides of the reaction (both the p+ and the n have baryonic numbers of 1), and so is conserved.

Also, lepton number is 0 on both sides of the reaction (e+ has a lepton number of -1 while ve has one of +1, thus adding up to zero), and so is conserved.

The supply of electrons in photosynthesis comes from water molecules. This process, known as photolysis, occurs in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Water molecules are broken down into oxygen, protons, and electrons, with the electrons being used to replenish the electrons lost in the photosystem II reaction center.

Valence electrons play a crucial role in determining the chemical properties of an element because they are involved in forming chemical bonds with other atoms. The number of valence electrons dictates how likely an atom is to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell, which is a stable configuration. This determines how an element will interact with other elements in chemical reactions.

The family of 'noble' (= inert) gasses in group (column) 18 of the periodic table. Their valence shell is completely filled up with s2 and p6 electrons.

Iridium's atomic number, and therefore its number of protons, is 77. Thus, to be electrically neutral, it must also have 77 electrons. Filling in the first 77 orbitals gives the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d7.

Protons are represented by the atomic number of an element. The number of protons is also the number of electrons. The number of protons is also represented in re Atomic Mass, which is the number of protons and the number of neutrons combined.

answ2. Protons and neutrons are all.

These may be divided into further parts, but that is beyond the question.

In a neutral atom, the number of protons (or the number of electrons) are the same as the atomic number.

The flow of electricity, which is a current of electrons, or simply electron flow, creates a magnetic field around its path of travel. This is a fundamental property of charged particles. Magnetic fields are always present in the vicinity of moving charges, and moving charges always create magnetic fields. One of the four fundamental forces we know in nature is the electromagnetic force. And this is probably one of the best examples of the inseparability of current flow and a magnetic field.

An atom's atomic number gives its number of protons. Tungsten's atomic number is 74. Thus, it has 74 protons per atom.

Even light can be made to slow down by making it go through a certain (dense?) mediums. So, yes.

-edit : Light doesn't slow down, the speed of light is a constant. What is observed is the increase in time for absorption and re-emittance of the photon (light) which causes the apparent slow down. As for electrons, yes I believe they can be slowed down with interactions.

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If the question deals with electrons in orbit around an atom, then the answer is NO. Not by themselves.

Energy is in fact lost in chunks, called quanta. In the macroscopic world, however, these chunks are so small that when energy appears to be lost or gained continuously when in fact it is changing in immeasurably small increments. So, a satellite in orbit loses quanta and gradually slows down.

At the atomic level, however, energy behaves very differently. Individual quanta are significant at this scale. An electron cannot keep continually slowing down, if it loses even one quanta it is a relatively huge change. So, at that scale the electrons do not slow down autonomously. However, they can be slowed down by interactions

Not exactly. It is true that NAD is formed during electron transport chain, however, it's not a direct product. NADH is an electron carrier that dumps its electron to the electron transport chain, which oxidizes it into NAD. NAD then goes back to become reduced by glycolysis or citric acid cycle.

The ultimate electron acceptor in photosynthesis is NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). It is reduced to NADPH during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis and carries electrons to the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation.

Electrons are found in specific energy levels or shells around an atom's nucleus. These energy levels are designated by the quantum number n (e.g., n=1, n=2, n=3). Electrons can move between these energy levels by absorbing or emitting specific amounts of energy.

Chlorine's atomic number is 17. Thus, neutral chlorine has 17 protons and 17 electrons. Its total configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5, so its valence configuration is 3s2 3p5.

Neutrons are not completely stable because they can undergo beta decay, where a neutron decays into a proton, electron, and antineutrino. The decay of a neutron has a half-life of around 15 minutes when it is outside a nucleus.

Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom. There are four blocks in the periodic table: S, P, D, F. Block S is groups 1 and 2. Block P is groups 13-18. Block D is groups 3-12. And block F is the lanthanides and actinides. There are several exceptions, for example He is considered part of S block even though it is over group 18. Here are some examples:

He - 1S2

Al - 1S22S22P1

Ni - 1S22S22P63S23P64D8

Shorthand form uses the noble gases (group 18). Whatever element you are using, go to the closest noble gas. For example:

Ca - [Ar] 4S2

Electrons are found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus of an atom in specific energy levels or orbitals. They are negatively charged subatomic particles that contribute to the overall charge and behavior of the atom.