Particle Physics

The light reactions of photosynthesis involve a continuous flow of electrons through the electron transport chain, which is replenished by splitting water molecules to release more electrons. This process ensures a constant supply of electrons to keep the reactions running.

The electron, the negatively charged particle in an atom, is located in the electron cloud, as opposed to the proton and neutron, located in the nucleus.

Carbon tetrabromide (CBr4) contains a total of 36 electrons. Each carbon atom contributes 4 electrons, while each bromine atom contributes 7 electrons. There are 4 bromine atoms in CBr4, totaling 28 electrons, along with the 8 electrons contributed by the 2 carbon atoms.

The electron configuration of sulfur is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4. This means sulfur has 16 electrons arranged in different energy levels and sublevels within its electron cloud.

In an atom, the space between electrons and the nucleus is mostly filled with empty space. The nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, and the electrons surround the nucleus in different energy levels or electron shells.

Radium is a group 2 element. All group 2 elements have 2 valence electrons. Thus, radium has 2 valence electrons.

The maximum number of electrons that can be found in the fourth energy level (ring) of an electron cloud is 32. This level can hold a total of 32 electrons in various sublevels, such as s, p, d, and f orbitals.

79 protons

118 neutrons

76 electrons

Mass and energy curve space and time according to Einstein's theory of general relativity. Einstein's theory rests on the basis that the speed of light is the same for every observer and that inertial and gravitating masses are the same. Ultimately this is thus also the reason why mass and energy curve the structure of spacetime.

Later it was understood that general relativity is (one of) the consequences of a Universe having so-called local Lorentz invariance. The details are a bit technical but basically this is saying that the laws of physics are the same everywhere in space and time.

You might ask, well, why does the Universe have local Lorentz invariance?

In that case, I am afraid, I do not know the answer, perhaps that in the future physics will offer us a deeper insight to the nature of reality.

When an electron is removed from an atom, it is considered to be ionized. This results in the formation of a positively charged ion known as a cation, while the atom itself becomes positively charged.

The number of neutrons in an iron atom can vary depending on the isotope of iron. For the most common isotope, iron-56, there are 30 neutrons.

Protons! All protons are positively charged.

The electron is considered a fundamental particle because it has no internal structure or substructure. On the other hand, the proton is composed of smaller particles called quarks (two up quarks and one down quark) bound together by the strong nuclear force. This internal structure of the proton categorizes it as a composite particle rather than fundamental.

Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons, essentially a helium-4 nucleus. This structure gives them a positive charge and relatively high momentum, making them a form of ionizing radiation.

Photons behave more like a wave when they exhibit phenomena such as interference and diffraction, which are characteristics of wave behavior. This is evident in experiments like the double-slit experiment where photons create an interference pattern when passed through two slits.

No, iodine typically gains electrons to form the iodide ion in a chemical change. This is due to iodine's tendency to exhibit an oxidation state of -1.

Metallic bonding is characterized by electron delocalization, where electrons can move freely within a "sea" of shared electrons. This delocalization accounts for many of the unique properties of metals, such as conductivity and malleability.

The centre of an atom is called the nucleus. The nucleus contains protons, which have a positive charge and neutrons which have no charge.

Electrons are also subatomic particles but they go around the nucleus so they are not in the centre.

When an electron releases energy, it can move to a lower energy level or transition to a different orbital within an atom. This movement can involve emitting a photon of light or transferring energy to another particle through collision. The electron does not move in a traditional sense like a particle traveling through space but rather changes its energy state within the atom.

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles. When you have a cloud that at the top of it is most negativity charged and the bottom is positively charged and it rolls over a point in the ground that is negatively charged this causes lightening and actually lightening goes from the ground up to the clouds not from the clouds to the ground as believed - the lightning is composed of a stream of electrons

The atomic number is determined by the number of protons in an atom. Therefore, if an atom has 65 protons, its atomic number is 65.

No. It is electromagnetic radiation, beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum.

The two important characteristics of a neutron are its mass and charge. These are described below. 1) Mass of neutron. The mass of a neutron is equal to mass of a proton. The relative mass of neutron in 1 u. the absolute mass of a neutron is 1.6 * 10^-24 gram. 2) Charge of neutron. Neutron has no charge. It is electrically neutral. The two important characteristics of a Proton are its mass and charge. These are described below. 1) Mass of proton. The Proton is actually a hydrogen atom which has lost its electron. Since mass of an electron is very small, we can say that mass of proton is equal to mass of a hydrogen atom. The relative mass of neutron in 1 u. the absolute mass of a neutron is 1.6 * 10^-24 gram. 2) Charge of proton. The charge of a proton is equal and opposite to the charge of an electron. So absolute charge of a proton is 1.6*10^-19 coulomb.

An atom is composed of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of electrons. The protons have a positive charge, neutrons are neutral, and electrons carry a negative charge. The protons and neutrons are tightly packed in the nucleus, while the electrons move around the nucleus in electron shells or energy levels.