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Particle Physics
Relatively recent experimental results have confirmed what philosophers throughout history had theorized all along; that all matter is made up of elementary particles. Those curious about this cutting-edge field of physics known as particle physics should post their questions here, including those about fundamental particles, fundamental forces, Grand Unified Theories, and the extraordinary devices that have been or need to be engineered to research them.
3,842 Questions
How many total electrons are in a Ni plus 2 ion?
26.
Nickel has an atomic number of 28, which means that in a normal state, it would have 28 electrons. Ni+2 means that it oxidized by losing two electrons and would thus have only 26 remaining.
Is anything more expensive than antimatter at 62.5 billion dollars?
well, i think yes. Antimatter is produced when high energy particles collides like when cosmic rays impacts with the earth's atmosphere. Antimatter will immediately annihilate when it comes in contact with matter so it's almost impossible to collect. But antiparticles can be created artificially in the cyclotrons like in the ATHENA project at CERN.
another challenging problem is how to store antimatter, the Penning Trap (used for charged particles) and the atomic trap(used for uncharged particles) are specialized device to store antimatter.
running the CERN is costing billions of dollars. estimations points to 62.5 trillion dollars to produce 1 gram of antimatter.
so far, i think it would be the most expensive substance ever made.
What is 'The Big Bang Machine'?
The "Big Bang Machine" is a popular reference to the Large Hadron Collider
which scientists just refer to as the LHC. It was constructed in CERN in Switzerland (1998-2008) and is the most recent and most expensive of a line of particle accelerators designed for the sole reason of producing very high energy collisions between elementary particles, usually simply protons.
The LHC acquired the moniker "Big Bang Machine" as part of the publicity process where various explanations of the purpose of the LHC were simplified for popular consumption. It was said that the result of these proton collisions would "create a state of matter present during the Early Universe." That evolved to saying things like, "just after the Big Bang." What this really means is that a few minutes after the Big Bang the energy density of the whole universe was high enough that elementary particles like protons and neutrons were not yet condensed out of the "primordial soup." With the LHC there is the possibility of getting two colliding protons into a state that was somewhat like the high energy density state that all the matter of the universe was in at an earlier time, not long after the Big Bang.
The LHC is the most expensive science experiment of all time, so there is a strong effort to give it some popular appeal. (It is well past the 7 billion Euro mark, or 9 billion dollars or 6 billion pounds) In the effort of promoting the first grands experiment of the LHC the search for the Higgs
Boson, the object acquired the name "The God Particle." To LHC's
credit, they did not invent the name (or misnomer), but they did not shy away from the extra attention that created.
In balance, it should be noted that not all of the outlandish characterizations associated with the LHC have been to their benefit. Just before the LHC went on line, a story started to circulate that it might be able to produce a "mini black hole" that would then destroy the Earth. The story
did have a legitimate scientific core where some equations did open the possibility of such entity, but that possibility
was highly speculative and the LHC PR response was appropriately calming.
There is a long history of "big ideas" floated for the consumption of the general public in parallel with large budget scientific experiments. The Hubble Space Telescope had its share. There is no real way to judge whether there is a net benefit from the effect of popular enthusiasm
for science balanced by popular misconceptions of science and it is not something that anyone has much control over anyhow.
Who do you tell the solution to the theory of everything?
The theory of everything, which aims to unify all fundamental forces and explain all physical phenomena, is still a topic of ongoing research in theoretical physics. There is no single person or group currently recognized as having definitively solved this grand challenge. Researchers around the world are actively working on different approaches to develop a unified theory that can explain the fundamental nature of the universe.
What is the electron configuration of of In3 plus ion?
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3 For abbreviation: [Ca] 3d3
Where does the oxygen in the electron transport chain comes from?
The high energy electrons come from NADH and FADH2 (as they are electron carriers). NADH is produced throughout various stages of cellular respiration (aerobic respiration), while FADH2 is produced mainly as a product of the Kreb's cycle.
How much is the Large Hadron Collider worth?
The cost to build the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was approximately 6.4 billion Swiss francs (around 7.5 billion USD). However, in terms of its scientific and research value, the LHC is considered priceless due to its groundbreaking discoveries in particle physics and contributions to our understanding of the universe.
Why do two electrons in the same orbital have to have opposite spin states?
Yes. Always. Otherwise they would break the fundamental rules of quantum mechanics, which say that no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers -- and spin is the 4th quantum number. If two e- are in the same orbital, they share 3 quantum numbers, but the spin quantum number must then be different.
How many electron rings or orbits does Gallium have?
Gallium has three electron rings or orbits, based on its electron configuration of [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1.
How many valence electrons are in an atom of magnesuim?
There are 2 valence electrons in an atom of magnesium. There are 5 valence electrons that are in an atom of phosphorus. There are 4 valence electrons that are in a silicon atom.
How many neutrons does F-19 have?
The atomic number of Florine is 9 so it has 9 Protons in its nucleus.
As the mass number of an atom is essentially the mass of the nucleus and as the mass of each Proton or Neutron is 1 this means that if there are 9 Protons there must be 10 Neutrons present to make up a mass number of 19.
If all electrons were at rest, they would still have a directional spin. However, there are only two ways an electron can spin (up or down) and so there would only be two types of electrons. However, if we focus on the property of spin itself instead of the direction, all electrons are the same. Electrons have a spin magnitude of 1/2, and this is a property that will never change.
Does changing the number of protons in a atom make an ion?
Yes, changing the number of protons in an atom would change the element, not necessarily create an ion. An ion is formed when the number of electrons in the atom changes, leading to a charged particle.
How many electrons can any orbital hold according to Pauli Exclusion Principle?
When you fill an orbital the electrons must spin in opposite directions. This results in no two electrons having the same quantum number, a result defined as the Pauli Exclusion Principle. You can have 2 electrons in an orbital. Note that 2py 2px and 2pz are three different orbitals.
Why cant you determine the exact location of an electron in an atom?
Because the electrons are in constant motion(momentum), so to find their exact location one must find this location plus momentum at the same time. It is thought to be impossible to find the exact location and momentum simultaniously, because, to find location you must stop the particle, and to find momentum the particle must be moving.
True statements:
All neutrons are alike, all electrons are alike, all protons are alike (All atoms of a given isotope is only alike).
False statement:
All atoms are alike
All atoms are not alike as they may vary in the number of protons / electrons / neutrons.
How many shells in 20 electrons?
There are 4 shells in 20 electrons: 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 in the second, 8 in the third, and 2 in the fourth shell.
Does a neutron lose and gain electrons?
All metals when taking part in chemical reactions tend to lose electrons.
They are electro positive...
electrons in the outer shell, one or two most commonly (in Groups one and two of the periodic table) are lost or donated, to attain to an inert gas structure ( a full outer shell).
Do protons have positive charge neutrons have negative charge and electrons have no charge?
No, protons have positive charge, electrons have negative charge and neutrons have no charge
How many valence electrons does each potassium atom have available for bonding?
Each potassium atom has one valence electron available for bonding.
Why do schools not have electron microscopes?
Electron microscopes are expensive to purchase, maintain, and require specialized training to operate. Schools often lack the resources and funding to acquire and maintain such high-tech equipment. Additionally, electron microscopes may not be essential for the curriculum or educational goals of the school, so they prioritize other resources and tools instead.
What cannot change in an atom is it protons neutrons or electrons?
An atoms protons cannot change.
The number of neutrons can change (gain or lose) to form an isotope (ex. Hydrogen naturally has no neutrons. But it can gain neutrons to form Heavy Hydrogen, or in other words, a Hydrogen Isotope).
An atom can gain or lose electrons to form an ion. Usually an atom will gain or lose electrons to fill its valence (outermost) shell. It takes just as much energy to gain an electron as it is to lose one, so an atom will always look to lose or gain the least amount of electrons possible. (ex. Oxygen has 6 valence electrons. It will look to gain 2 electrons, rather than lose 6).
Protons: DO NOT CHANGE
Neutrons: Can change to form an isotope
Electrons: Can change to form an ion
What are charges of the 3 subatomic particles?
For the particles in atoms:
Neutron:
Charge: neutral
Electron:
Charge: negative
Proton:
Charge: positive
How many valence electrons are present in the atom Nb?
There are 5 valence electrons present in the atom Nb (niobium), as it is located in group 5 of the periodic table.
