Particle Physics

Atoms all have a similar structure - they have a nucleus surrounded by one or more electrons. Each nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. All atoms of a particular element all have the same number of protons and electrons, and usually have the same number of neutrons too (although sometimes these differ) in all their atoms. Different elements have different amounts of these fundamental particles in their atoms. The first few elements (in terms of numbers of protons starting with 1, 2 3 etc) have numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons as follows: Hydrogen: 1 proton and 0 neutrons in the nucleus and 1 electron in orbit around it. Helium: 2 protons and 2 neutrons in the nucleus and 2 electrons in orbit around it. Lithium: 3 protons and 4 neutrons in the nucleus and 3 electrons in orbit around it. Beryllium: 4 protons and 5 neutrons in the nucleus and 4 electrons in orbit around it. Boron: 5 protons and 5 neutrons in the nucleus and 5 electrons in orbit around it. Carbon: 6 protons and 6 neutrons in the nucleus and 6 electrons in orbit around it. Nitrogen: 7 protons and 7 neutrons in the nucleus and 7 electrons in orbit around it. Oxygen: 8 protons and 8 neutrons in the nucleus and 8 electrons in orbit around it. So, the only difference between any of the elements e.g. oxygen and nitrogen is the number of particles in the atoms of each gas. Just as the words 'GOD' and 'DOG' represent totally different things despite being made of the same letters, all the elements in the universe from hydrogen to iron, from gold to tin are all different, look different, behave differently and so on, simply because, in their atoms they have different numbers of the fundamental particles, protons, neutrons and electrons.

Because the eigenfunction of the collapsed wave function that results from inserting the Hamiltonian of C2's composite orbital's degrees of freedom into Schrodinger's equation yielded a lower eigenstate for that situation than if you did the similar thing to an unbounded carbon atom.

Woof! I couldn't have said it better myself. How refreshing!

I can just hear Mortimer Snerd squeezing out a yowl.

That was beautiful!

No, the Higgs boson is a hypothetical particle believed to explain why some particles in the Standard Model have mass larger than zero. However if it cannot be found there is an alternate theory called "Technicolor" that might explain this. Higgs is just a simpler theory to work with than Technicolor, so it is currently preferred as well as being easier to test with current technology.

The element hydrogen is the only element that lacks neutrons in its nucleus, consisting only of a single proton and an electron.

Protons have an electrical charge of +1. Neutrons have an electrical charge of 0. Electrons have an electrical charge of -1.

Neutron:

Mass: 1,00866491600(43) amu.

Charge: neutral

Electron:

Mass: 5,4857990946(22)×10−4 amu.

Charge: negative

Proton:

Mass: 1,007276466812(90) amu.

Charge: positive

92 protons
All the isotopes of uranium has 92 protons.

Electron, lightest stable subatomic particle known. It carries a negative charge, which is considered the basic unit of electric charge. The rest mass of the electron is 9.109 × 10−31 kg, which is only 1/1,840the mass of a proton. An electron is therefore considered nearly massless in comparison with a proton or a neutron, and the electron mass is not included in calculating the mass number of an atom.

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Protons are found in the nucleus (center) of an atom and have a positive charge.

It is also a subatomic particle with a mass slightly less than a neutron. The number of protons depends on the atomic number!

Plutonium is a block f, period 7 actinide. Its electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 5f6 7s2. A shorter way to write this is as [Rn] 5f6 7s2 since the beginning of this electron configuration is the same as the noble gas, radon's.

Oversize particles refer to particles in a material that are larger than the desired or acceptable size range. These particles can impact the quality of the material and may need to be removed or reduced in size through further processing or screening.

It varies. The number of electrons in an ion is equal to the number of protons minus the charge. Iron has 26 protons and will commonly form two ions: Fe2+ and Fe3+. So the number of electrons in these ions is 24 and 23 respectively.

It is element nitrogen. It has an atomic number of 7 and the valence electron is 5. It needs 3 electrons to complete its octet state. That's why sometimes it has the oxidation number of -3 in ammonia.

The shape of the cathode and anode in an electron gun is designed to provide a focused beam of electrons. The cathode typically has a concave shape to emit electrons in a concentrated manner towards the anode. The anode is shaped to help accelerate and focus the electron beam towards the target.

A gas with one proton would be hydrogen gas (H2), which consists of two hydrogen atoms, each with one proton.

Subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons interact with each other during a nuclear reaction. They may be released, absorbed, or rearranged to form new elements. These interactions can result in the release of energy and the creation of different isotopes.

Yes, an electron's movement is related to its amount of energy. Electrons with higher energy levels are found farther from the nucleus and move faster than electrons with lower energy levels. This relationship is a key concept in understanding electron behavior in atoms and molecules.

The subatomic particles located in an atom's nucleus are protons and neutrons. Uranium has an atomic number of 92, thus has 92 protons. That means 235U must have 235 - 92 = 143 neutrons.

The three types of subatomic particles known as the proton, the neutron, and the electron have masses of 1.6726 × 10−27 kg, 1.6749 × 10−27 kg, and 9.1094 × 10−31 kg, respectively. As you can see, protons and neutrons have roughly the same mass, and both of their masses are significantly greater than that of an electron. So, for atoms containing more protons than neutrons, the protons will make up the greatest percentage of mass in that atom. For atoms containing more neutrons than protons, of which there are a whole lot more of, the neutrons will make up the greatest percentage of mass in that atom.

EDIT: Most of the mass in an atom comes from the energy in the Strong Force, which holds the nucleus together. Remember that mass and energy are equivalent.

This particle was the electron in 1897 (J.J. Thomson).

a particle that binds quarks to one another

Electrons are located in specific energy levels around the nucleus of an atom. These regions are known as electron shells or orbitals. Each shell can hold a certain number of electrons based on its energy level.