Particle Physics

"OH" group attached to aromatic ring is electrons donor because it has two lone pairs of electrons on oxygen atom which may involve in resonance process, but "OH" group attached to saturated carbon act as electrons attracting group due to high electronegativity of oxygen.

Particles have the ability to move freely and take on the shape of their container, unlike solid particles which have a fixed shape. Additionally, particles have more kinetic energy and tend to be farther apart from each other compared to solid particles.

An atom of 18O has 10 neutrons. This is calculated by subtracting the atomic number (which is 8 in this case) from the atomic mass number (18).

The oxidation number of aluminum is typically +3, as it tends to lose its 3 valence electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

Protons minus neutrons doesn't mean anything in chemistry. Protons plus neutrons gives the mass number. Protons minus electrons gives you the charge of an atom(ion). The number of protons are equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom and the proton number is equivalent to the atomic number.

Actually the terms orbitals and shells are NOT interchangeable. The electron shell refers to the distance away from the nucleus, with each addition of a shell adding more possibilities for electron placement. The orbitals are actually within each shell. This is proven through the fact that the shells and orbital capacities are not the same. For example, the first shell can hold 2 electrons, the second shell can hold 8, and the third shell can hold 18. The first orbital, s, can hold 2 electrons. The second orbital, p, can hold 6 electrons. The third oribital, d, can hold 10 electrons; therefore not being the same as the shells.

Assuming that you mean the chemical properties, the electrons are what define each element. If you meant subatomic particles, then it doesn't matter; each subatomic particle has unique characteristics.

That statement is not scientifically accurate. While antimatter does have the potential to release a large amount of energy upon contact with matter, it would not cause the entire world to explode. Such an event is purely speculative and not based on any scientific evidence.

Yes. The shells of an atom have different limits for how many electrons they can hold depending on the size of the shell. For example, the limit of the first shell is just two electrons, but the bigger second shell can hold eight electrons.

Yes. Different isotopes of an element always have the same number of protons because the number of protons determines the elemental identity of the substance. It is the number of neutrons that changes to make up the different isotopes of a given element.

Every subatomic particle has mass, so every particle will cause a slight mass change. However, in an isotope, the mass change between the parent and daughter is caused by a change in the number of neutrons.

Thomson discovered the electron and proved that it existed without ever being able to see or isolate one. Electrons were the first subatomic particles to be discovered, the first particle of matter identified that was smaller than an atom. This discovery also finally provided some physical proof of, and description of, the basic unit that carried electricity. Thomson attached thin metal plates inside his cathode ray tube to a battery and showed that an electrical field could also deflect cathode rays.

Electrons are the subatomic particles that are responsible for causing magnetic properties in an atom. The movement of electrons within an atom creates a magnetic field.

During friction, electrons can transfer between materials, leading to one material becoming positively charged and the other becoming negatively charged. This can create static electricity. Additionally, electrons can also be accelerated by the forces generated during friction, leading to the production of heat.

Sodium has one valence electron because it is in group 1 of the periodic table.

The element with 24 electrons is Chromium (Cr), which has an atomic number of 24.

The energy of moving electrons is typically referred to as electrical energy. When electrons flow through a conductor, they carry electrical energy that can be harnessed to power electrical devices and perform work.

A unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element, having all the characteristics of that element and consisting of a dense, central, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons. The entire structure has an approximate diameter of 10 -8 centimeter and characteristically remains undivided in chemical reactions except for limited removal, transfer, or exchange of certain electrons.

The number of protons that an element has defines what that element is, regardless of the number of neutrons it has. Therefore, the chemical element having 82 protons, which is lead, or Pb, can take many different forms. In fact, there are 38 different known isotopes of lead, ranging from having 96 neutrons to having 133 neutrons. Despite that, they are all still called lead.

Rubidium has 37 electrons and protons; the number of neutrons is specific for each isotope.

Number of neutrons in a rubidium isotope = Mass number - 37

Yes, halogen atoms typically gain one electron to achieve a stable electron configuration. This results in a full outer electron shell, similar to the noble gases.

High-energy electrons are unstable and reactive, so they need carrier molecules to transport them safely without causing damage to the cell. Carrier molecules such as NADH and FADH2 can carry high-energy electrons during cellular respiration, allowing them to participate in energy-producing reactions without causing harm.

Electron affinity is an elements' ability to attract electrons and is variable for each element. Generally the more electronegative atoms are furthest to the right bottom of the periodic table and ascending to the left the elements lose their electron accepting ability.

Sulfur (S) has the electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p4.

When a positron and an electron collide, they annihilate each other and produce gamma rays. This process is known as electron-positron annihilation. The total energy of the particles is converted into electromagnetic energy in the form of gamma rays.