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Particle Physics
Relatively recent experimental results have confirmed what philosophers throughout history had theorized all along; that all matter is made up of elementary particles. Those curious about this cutting-edge field of physics known as particle physics should post their questions here, including those about fundamental particles, fundamental forces, Grand Unified Theories, and the extraordinary devices that have been or need to be engineered to research them.
3,842 Questions
How many neutrons does a platinum atom have?
Platinum atom has 78 protons and electrons; the number of neutrons is variable and depends on the atomic mass of the isotope (atomic mass of the isotope - atomic number = number of neutrons).
The stable isotopes have 114, 116, 117, 118, or 120 neutrons.
In positron emission, atomic number decreases by one. That's because a proton in the nucleus of the element that is about to undergo positron emission changes into a neutron. This is beta plus decay, by the way. You'll recall that the atomic number of an element, which is that element's chemical identity, is determined solely by the number of protons in the nucleus. If we "lose" a proton because it changes into a neutron, atomic number will now decrease by one. Check out the links below to related posts.
What is the maximum magnification for a scanning electron microscope?
The maximum magnification for a scanning electron microscope is typically around 1,000,000x. At this level of magnification, the microscope can resolve features as small as a few nanometers.
How do electrons in the same atom differ?
Electrons in the same atom differ in their energy levels, which correspond to their distance from the nucleus. They also differ in their angular momentum (orbital shapes) and spin (direction of rotation). These differences determine the electron's behavior and interactions with other electrons.
Feebas is a Water-type Pokémon that can be found by fishing in various locations in different Pokémon games. In Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald, Feebas can be found by fishing in six specific tiles on Route 119. These tiles change daily and can be difficult to pinpoint without the use of a tile finder tool.
A strangelet is a hypothetical state of matter in which the heavy quarks are so arranged as to inhibit their destruction - their otherwise normal fate. Perhaps related to dark matter ? Just wait.
How does a quark produce hadron jets when hadrons are made up of quarks?
When high-energy collisions occur in particle accelerators, the energy is converted into new particles through processes like quark-quark interactions. These interactions can result in the creation of high-energy quarks that then hadronize, forming collimated sprays of hadrons known as jets. This is due to the strong force that binds quarks together, allowing them to form color-neutral hadrons rather than existing as free quarks.
When are the electrons emitted from a conductor?
Conductors don't EMIT electrons (any more than any material), but they allow electrons to flow freely within themselves. That is called a current.
On that note, a current flows through a conductor when it is moved through a magnetic field. This is how generators work.
Any material can be made to emit electrons by adding electrons to it. That's like saying a full cup will emit water if more water is added to it.
ACTUALLY they are emitted. look it up.
When it is heated hence those electrons are named as thermions and emission is known as thermionic emission.
When light falls on it electrons are emitted. This phenomenon is known as photo electric emission.
When beta minus decay occurs and a neutron is converted into a proton with the subsequent release of an electron and an antineutrino, the atom ends up with an "extra" proton in its nucleus. This changes the chemical identity of this atom. It also changes the proton-electron balance. Certainly this is understood or at least sensed in asking this question. The electron produced in the decay process leaves the nucleus at high energy; it doesn't hang around. That leaves the atom "short" an electron. Any atom that is in a state of electrostatic imbalance as the result of beta minus decay will "make arrangements" to balance itself by finding an electron somewhere. Let's jump to illustrate that point. There are a lot of "loose" electrons floating around on earth. They are everywhere. Most reside "in the ground" and just hang out there. A few will be floating around in the air, too. The reason for this is that there is a lot of static electricity being generated all around us every day. Something as simple as moving air will generate it. We even generate a lot ourselves just by moving around. But we generally don't notice it. But on a dry day, we can develop quite a static charge walking across a rug - which when then discharge by touching a door knob. Zap! Just because we don't get a shock most of the time doesn't mean we don't cause charge separation by moving. It's just that the charges are able to neutralize themselves quickly. Small static charges are in motion around us all the time. The electronics industry is painfully aware of static electricity. It damages components, and they spend millions of dollars training and equiping their workers and installing equipment in their plants to mitigate static electricity. Now back to answering the question. In the case of an atom that has undergone beta minus decay, it will "find" an electron somewhere within a short time because small amounts of charge are moving everywhere on a continuous basis. There will be an electron happening by in a very short time that this atom can "capture" and thereby neutralize itself. It does this with ease. Note that there is a bit more to this story than appears here. It involves quarks and the weak interaction. A link to the Wikipedia article on beta decay is provided.
How does the charge of one electron compare with that of another electron?
The charge of one electron is the same as the charge of another electron. Electrons carry a fundamental unit of negative charge, which is -1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs. This charge is constant for all electrons.
What is the anti-matter equivalent of an electron?
The anti-matter equivalent of an electron is a positron. Positrons have the same mass as electrons but have a positive charge. When a positron and an electron collide, they annihilate each other, releasing energy in the form of gamma rays.
Can The motion of electrons can be predicted precisely?
No, the motion of electrons cannot be predicted precisely due to the inherent uncertainty described by quantum mechanics. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to precisely know both the position and momentum of a particle at the same time.
Who discovered the nucleus and it's subatomic particles?
The nucleus was discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 through his gold foil experiment. Subatomic particles in the nucleus, such as protons and neutrons, were later identified by other scientists such as James Chadwick and J.J. Thomson.
In the Standard Model, quarks are fundamental particles. As such, they are not made up other particles. They either exist as quarks, or not at all. Like all matter they can be converted into energy, but quarks are the building blocks of hadrons like the proton and neutron. Links can be found below to learn more.
To make a proton, which has a charge of +1, you would need two up quarks (each with a charge of +2/3) and one down quark (with a charge of -1/3) since the total charge of a proton is the sum of the charges of its constituent quarks.
What is it called when sunlight excites an electron?
The physics term we generally apply is photoelectric effect. Back in the day (and none of those guys are still around), it might have been called the photovoltaic effect. You need a link, and we've got one for ya. It's to Wikipedia's post on this topic.
What is a particle with no charge called?
Neutral (ba-dump-tsssh!). There are a number of particles with no electric charge, including but not limited to"
- Neutrons
- Neutrinos (all varieties)
- Photons
- Gluons (gluons carry "color charge", but not electric charge)
- Gravitons (provided they exist; the jury is still out on that)
How did electrons and protons acquire charges?
Electrons and Protons represent actual charges, they do not aquire them. the difference between the two constitutes an energy force, but no one knows what energy is. It is more accurate to ask how charges acquired the names "electron" and "positron", which is an etymological issue.
What are the two steps in the electron transport chain producing NAPDH.?
complex I (NADH dehydrogenase, also called NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase; EC 1.6.5.3) removes two electrons from NADH and transfers them to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (Q). The reduced product, ubiquinol (QH2) is free to diffuse within the membrane. At the same time, Complex I moves four protons (H+) across the membrane, producing a proton gradient. Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs, thus being one of main sites of production of a harmful free radical called superoxide.
The pathway of electrons occurs as follows:
NADH is oxidized to NAD+, reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH2 in one two-electron step. The next electron carrier is a Fe-S cluster, which can only accept one electron at a time to reduce the ferric ion into a ferrous ion. In a convenient manner, FMNH2 can be oxidized in only two one-electron steps, through a semiquinone intermediate. The electron thus travels from the FMNH2 to the Fe-S cluster, then from the Fe-S cluster to the oxidized Q to give the free-radical (semiquinone) form of Q. This happens again to reduce the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form, QH2. During this process, four protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This creates a proton gradient that will be later used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase; EC 1.3.5.1) is not a proton pump. It serves to funnel additional electrons into the quinone pool (Q) by removing electrons from succinate and transferring them (via FAD) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits: SDHA,SDHB,SDHC, and SDHD. Other electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also funnel electrons into Q (via FAD), again without producing a proton gradient.
Complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex; EC 1.10.2.2) removes in a stepwise fashion two electrons from QH2 at the QO site and sequentially transfers them to two molecules of cytochrome c, a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons are sequentially passed across the protein to the Qi site where quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed because it takes 2 quinol (4H+4e-) oxidations at the Qo site to form one quinol (2H+2e-) at the Qi site. (in total 6 protons: 2 protons reduce quinone to quinol and 4 protons are released from 2 ubiquinol). The bc1 complex does NOT 'pump' protons, it helps build the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons.
When electron transfer is hindered (by a high membrane potential, point mutations or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex III may leak electrons to oxygen resulting in the formation of superoxide, a highly-toxic species, which is thought to contribute to the pathology of a number of diseases, including aging.
Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; EC 1.9.3.1) removes four electrons from four molecules of cytochrome c and transfers them to molecular oxygen (O2), producing two molecules of water (H2O). At the same time, it moves four protons across the membrane, producing a proton gradient.
Can string theory predict the future?
No, string theory does not predict the future. It is a theoretical framework in physics that aims to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity by describing fundamental particles as vibrating strings. String theory provides mathematical descriptions of various phenomena but does not make predictions about specific future events or outcomes.
Positron-emission tomography forms images of body tissues this is known as what?
Positron-emission tomography (PET) forms images of body tissues using radioactive tracers that emit positrons. This imaging technique is used to detect functional processes in the body, such as metabolism or blood flow, and is commonly used in medical diagnosis and research.
Is there any new found particles which is smaller than quarks?
YES , A GLUON
A particle smaller than atom is a subatomic particle, protons , neutrons, and , electrons, the smallest one is an electron, smaller than that are point particles and elementary particles, one elementary particle and point particle is a quark, up quarks down quarks the smallest single thing found so far is a GLUON, which is the force which binds/holds quarks together. Where the devil lives in anti matter there are also atoms and subatomic particles and point particles but just anti, anti- GLUON, anti-QUARK, anti-ATOM, anti-SUBATOMIC PARTICLE. There is something called the string theory, and super string theory that theorizes about bosonic/boson strings but it can not be provine yet, and I think a gluon is still alot smaller than a bosonic/boson string if they are true.
HOPE THIS HELPS
