Political Science

Science and political science are related in that both fields rely on evidence-based reasoning and research methods to understand and explain complex phenomena. Political scientists often use scientific principles and methodologies to study political systems, behavior, and policies. Science can provide valuable insights and data that inform political decision-making and help develop effective policies.

Direct colonialism refers to a situation where a foreign power maintains control over a territory through the use of a local administration and military presence. Indirect colonialism involves exerting influence and control over a territory through economic, social, and political means without establishing a significant physical presence.

Social systems, like politics, are influenced and influence many other elements of society (e.g.) economics, psychology, anthropology, sociology, et al.), natural sciences (e.g.) biology, medical science, engineering, administration, et al.), and humanities (e.g.) history, literature, philosophy, et al.) so it is difficult to understand political science in isolation from these other fields. To some degree, understanding political science depends on understanding these studies as well.

Politics directly affects nursing by determining the rules, regulations, and mode of distribution of hospitals, clinics, and services nurses provide. In most Western nation-states, healthcare is socialised and, therefore, politics determines how many nurses are hired, how much they are paid, what qualifications they need, and where they will be staffed.

In political science, a nation is a large group of people who share common historical, cultural, and social characteristics, typically including a shared language, religion, or ethnicity. Nations may or may not be associated with a specific political state or government.

Political science serves as a foundation for all disciplines because it explores power dynamics, governance, and decision-making processes, all of which are pervasive across various fields. Understanding political systems helps to comprehend societal structures, institutions, and policies that influence different areas like economics, sociology, and international relations. By studying political science, individuals gain insights into how conflicts are resolved, resources allocated, and policies formulated, which are essential for establishing a comprehensive understanding of many disciplines.

For a majority system, all that is required to reach a decision is that a majority of voters prefer one alternative to another. In a two-thirds majority system (also known as supermajority), two-thirds of voters must prefer one alternative to another for it to be decided. This means more support is necessary under supermajority than under simple majority rule.

Political parties use the money they raise to fund various activities, such as campaign events, advertisements, staff salaries, voter outreach efforts, and logistical expenses. The funds are crucial for supporting their candidates and promoting their political agendas.

Political scientists studying politics scientifically may face challenges such as biases in data collection, difficulty in predicting human behavior accurately, and differing opinions on what constitutes "scientific" methodology in the social sciences. However, their efforts can lead to a better understanding of political systems, informed policymaking, and the ability to identify patterns and trends in political behavior.

There is a disagreement in the philosophy of science as to whether values should play a role in science and, if so, to what degree. Firstly, it should be said that political science is not value free, and to make it so would largely be impossible due to the difficulty of separating facts from values in many political systems that are heavily loaded and understood by such values. Secondly, values can be useful when applied to goals we desire from using political science, and so having no values may be detrimental to its utility. Finally, I believe that, as a science, political science should still attempt to isolate values where possible and not use them where they are not important given how contentious and difficult to measure they are.

For the most part, no, because degrees in political science lack a significant level of economics - or even quantitative - courses. It should be noted that, in many countries, being an 'economist' has no formal qualification, so technically anyone could claim to be an economist. However, again, if your question is: will a degree in political science prepare me for jobs requiring the skills of an economist, then the answer is no.

In its best form, civic republicanism requires civic education for its proper execution in modern political life. Harkening to the ancient Greek city-states, civic republicanism calls for political participation by all, and consequently, requires some form of civic education to best effectuate its primary purpose. In short, there is no effective civic republicanism without civic education.

People seek religious freedom to practice their beliefs without fear of persecution, discrimination, or repression. This freedom allows individuals to worship, express their faith, and live according to their religious values without interference from the government or societal pressures. It is a fundamental human right that enables individuals to find spiritual fulfillment and live authentically according to their beliefs.

Positive aspects of being an incumbent include name recognition among voters and access to resources for campaigning. Negative aspects may include voter fatigue or desire for change, as well as being held accountable for past decisions or actions during the term in office.

Harvard University has been a significant contributor to the growth of political science as an academic discipline. Their Department of Government, established in 1880, has been influential in shaping the field through research, teaching, and the development of prominent scholars.

Many political scientists do use cost-benefit analysis. However, for others, there are theoretical, statistical, and philosophical limitations on the strength of cost-benefit analysis that cause them to prefer alternate methods.

Communism as an ideology does not inherently believe in racism. In theory, communism aims to create a classless society where all individuals are treated equally regardless of their race. However, in practice, racism can still exist within communist societies due to individual biases and historical factors.

The government promotes the rule of law by creating and enforcing laws that apply to all individuals and entities, ensuring equal treatment under the law. It also establishes independent judicial systems to adjudicate disputes and hold individuals accountable for violating laws. Additionally, the government supports transparency and accountability in governance to uphold the rule of law.

System Realism (SyR)claims that states are the primary agents of IR and that due to human nature they are inherently power seeking. The focus on human characteristics doesn't naturally lend itself to the term 'systemic', but that's the crux of the theory. In contrast, neo or structural realism (StrucR) attributes all state behaviour to the inability of governments to find true security (as full knowledge or trust is impossible), and that this causes them to ruthlessly strategize. When nations are in positions of weakness, StrucR predicts that they will cooperate with others or defer to stronger nations. In the same situation many SyR theorists would predict aggression.

ACCOUNTABLE -

Democracy produces a government which is accountable to all people

it is the basic outcome of democracy.

it will produce a government which responds to people

LEGITIMATE -

In democracy elections are conducted through which people select their representatives.

If they do not react for their demands they choose another representative in the next elections

RESPONSIVE-

Democracy produces a government which responds to all the demands and needs of different people

Special interest groups can exert undue influence on policymakers, potentially leading to policies that primarily benefit their own interests rather than the broader public good. They can also contribute to the polarization of political discourse by promoting extreme or narrow agendas, making it difficult to achieve compromise and consensus. Additionally, special interest groups with significant resources may have a disproportionate impact on elections and policy outcomes, potentially undermining the principles of democracy and fairness.

In the strictest use, political institutions refer to the rules, norms, and regulations placed in society to affect the distribution of power amongst its members. In this sense, we need political institutions as the most basic means of coordinating people to complete basic - and more advanced - types of social decision-making or maintenance, such as expansion, security, and specialisation of labour.

In a republic, voting eligibility typically includes citizens of legal voting age who meet specific residency requirements. This may vary depending on the country and its specific laws. Generally, individuals who are not citizens, are underage, or do not meet residency requirements are not allowed to vote in a republic.